{"id":2929,"date":"2026-11-02T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/blog\/mushroom-co2-controllers-sensor-to-fan-operation\/"},"modified":"2026-09-24T03:02:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T03:02:36","slug":"mushroom-co2-controllers-sensor-to-fan-operation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/blog\/mushroom-co2-controllers-sensor-to-fan-operation\/","title":{"rendered":"Mushroom CO2 Controllers: Sensor-to-Fan Operation"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how mushroom CO2 control systems measure respiration, adjust fresh air, protect humidity, and improve crop consistency for the Global Market.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2095,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":{"en-title":"Mushroom CO2 Control Systems for the Global Market","en-meta":"Learn how mushroom CO2 control systems measure respiration, adjust fresh air, protect humidity, and improve crop consistency for the Global Market.","en-content":"<h2>Quick Answer<\/h2><p>A mushroom CO2 controller measures carbon dioxide concentration in the growing room and uses that information to regulate fresh-air dampers, supply fans, recirculation fans, and exhaust equipment. As mushrooms and substrate respire, they release CO2. When concentration rises above the programmed limit, the controller increases outside-air exchange; when the target is restored, it reduces ventilation to protect humidity, temperature, and energy efficiency.<\/p><p>The most reliable system uses a properly ranged NDIR CO2 sensor, careful sensor placement, variable-speed or staged fans, balanced supply and exhaust airflow, and alarms for high CO2, sensor failure, communication loss, and abnormal ventilation performance. A single sensor can control a small room, but larger rooms with loaded racks should be checked at several locations because CO2 is rarely distributed evenly.<\/p><p>For commercial farms, the best design is not simply \u201cturn the fan on when CO2 is high.\u201d It is a coordinated climate-control strategy that considers crop stage, room temperature, relative humidity, outside weather, air pressure, door openings, rack arrangement, and the operating limits of the ventilation system. This approach is suitable for button mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, shiitake, lion\u2019s mane, and other cultivated species.<\/p><h2>How Mushroom Respiration Changes CO2<\/h2><p>Respiration is the biological process that converts available nutrients and oxygen into energy. Mushrooms, mycelium, casing materials, and microorganisms all contribute to gas exchange. The result is the production of carbon dioxide and heat, particularly when the crop is actively colonizing, pinning, fruiting, or carrying a high biological load.<\/p><p>CO2 behavior changes during the production cycle. A newly filled room may have relatively moderate gas production, while a heavily colonized substrate or a room with dense fruit bodies can produce a rapid increase. The room may remain within target conditions during the day and rise significantly overnight if ventilation is reduced or the building is tightly sealed.<\/p><p>Different species also have different tolerance levels and airflow requirements. Oyster mushrooms often require strong fresh-air management to prevent excessive stem elongation and poor cap development. Button mushrooms typically need accurate coordination between CO2, temperature, humidity, and air velocity. Shiitake and specialty mushrooms may have different setpoints depending on strain, substrate, and fruiting schedule. The controller should therefore support recipe-based settings instead of one fixed limit for every crop.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Production condition<\/th><th>Typical CO2 behavior<\/th><th>Control implication<\/th><th>Common risk<\/th><th>Recommended response<\/th><th>Verification method<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Freshly loaded substrate<\/td><td>Gas generation begins gradually<\/td><td>Use gentle baseline ventilation<\/td><td>Over-ventilation dries the room<\/td><td>Maintain minimum airflow and monitor the trend<\/td><td>Compare sensor readings after loading<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Active colonization<\/td><td>CO2 can rise steadily over time<\/td><td>Use scheduled and demand-based ventilation<\/td><td>High concentration may remain unnoticed<\/td><td>Set a high limit and trend alarm<\/td><td>Review hourly data logs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pinning period<\/td><td>Small changes can affect development<\/td><td>Use stable, responsive control<\/td><td>Rapid air changes disturb humidity<\/td><td>Limit fan ramp speed and protect RH<\/td><td>Inspect pins and room uniformity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heavy fruiting load<\/td><td>CO2 may increase quickly<\/td><td>Increase available air capacity<\/td><td>Fans cannot recover concentration<\/td><td>Check fan duty, filters, and dampers<\/td><td>Measure recovery time after a peak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Night operation<\/td><td>Reduced ventilation allows accumulation<\/td><td>Keep a night minimum setting<\/td><td>Morning concentration starts too high<\/td><td>Use nighttime limits and pre-ventilation<\/td><td>Compare day and night trends<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Door or harvest activity<\/td><td>CO2 may change abruptly<\/td><td>Filter short transients<\/td><td>False alarms trigger unnecessary airflow<\/td><td>Use delay timers and event logging<\/td><td>Check readings against activity records<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>The important measurement is not only the current CO2 number but also its rate of change. A slow increase may be handled with a small fan adjustment. A rapid increase suggests a sudden biological load, blocked filter, closed damper, failed exhaust fan, or inaccurate sensor. Advanced controllers can use proportional control, staged control, or PID-style algorithms to respond smoothly rather than repeatedly switching equipment on and off.<\/p><h2>Choosing CO2 Sensor Range and Placement<\/h2><p>Sensor selection should begin with the expected operating range, not with the lowest purchase price. A sensor intended for a controlled growing room may need a different range from one used in a composting area, loading zone, or high-density production chamber. For most cultivation rooms, an NDIR sensor is preferred because it provides stable measurement without relying on consumable chemical reagents.<\/p><p>A very wide measurement range can reduce resolution at normal cultivation levels, while an excessively narrow range may saturate during an abnormal event. Ask the supplier for measurement accuracy, repeatability, response time, temperature compensation, calibration interval, output type, ingress protection, and recovery behavior after exposure to high CO2. Modbus, 0\u201310 V, and 4\u201320 mA interfaces are commonly used in integrated climate systems.<\/p><p>Placement is equally important. Mount the sensing point in the active air zone, away from direct supply-air jets, exhaust openings, humidifier discharge, cooling coil outlets, and doors. CO2 is heavier than air under many room conditions, but air movement, temperature gradients, rack geometry, and fan operation can create local pockets at different heights. A wall sensor installed beside the doorway may not represent the air between loaded racks.<\/p><p>For a small room, one central sensor may be sufficient if airflow is well mixed. For long rooms, high racks, or rooms with multiple air circuits, use a primary control sensor plus portable verification measurements. Larger installations may benefit from multiple fixed sensors with averaging, high-reading selection, or zone-based control.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Sensor consideration<\/th><th>Preferred practice<\/th><th>Why it matters<\/th><th>Buying question<\/th><th>Maintenance action<\/th><th>Failure symptom<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Measurement technology<\/td><td>Industrial NDIR CO2 sensing<\/td><td>Provides stable gas measurement<\/td><td>Is automatic compensation included?<\/td><td>Follow the calibration schedule<\/td><td>Slow drift or implausible values<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Measurement range<\/td><td>Match the normal and fault range<\/td><td>Protects resolution and avoids saturation<\/td><td>What happens above the rated range?<\/td><td>Check high-level recovery<\/td><td>Reading remains fixed at the maximum<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Accuracy<\/td><td>Use documented accuracy at room conditions<\/td><td>Improves control stability<\/td><td>Is accuracy specified across humidity?<\/td><td>Compare with a reference instrument<\/td><td>Frequent unnecessary fan changes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Installation height<\/td><td>Place in the representative breathing zone of the crop<\/td><td>Reflects actual crop exposure<\/td><td>Can the probe be remotely mounted?<\/td><td>Inspect brackets and cables<\/td><td>Readings change when the door opens<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Environmental protection<\/td><td>Use a protected enclosure suitable for humid rooms<\/td><td>Reduces condensation damage<\/td><td>What is the ingress protection rating?<\/td><td>Keep vents clean and dry<\/td><td>Intermittent signal or corrosion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Communication<\/td><td>Use a documented analog or digital protocol<\/td><td>Supports reliable integration<\/td><td>How are faults reported to the controller?<\/td><td>Check terminals and address settings<\/td><td>Signal loss or frozen value<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Before final commissioning, map the room. Record CO2 at the supply side, return side, upper rack, lower rack, center aisle, and door side during normal operation. If readings differ significantly, correct the air pattern before changing the setpoint. A more sensitive controller cannot solve a poorly mixed room.<\/p><h2>Demand-Based Fresh-Air Control<\/h2><p>Demand-based ventilation adjusts fresh-air delivery according to measured CO2 rather than operating at full capacity continuously. This saves energy and helps preserve humidity, especially in cold or dry climates such as northern Europe, Canada, northern China, and inland areas of the United States. It also reduces unnecessary temperature fluctuations caused by excessive outdoor-air intake.<\/p><p>A basic strategy uses three values: a target setpoint, a low or stop threshold, and a high or maximum-ventilation threshold. For example, the system may maintain a crop-specific target, begin increasing fresh air above the target, and reach full programmed ventilation at the high threshold. The exact values must be determined by species, cultivar, crop stage, room design, and agronomic testing rather than copied from a generic chart.<\/p><p>Proportional control is usually smoother than simple on-off control. If CO2 is only slightly above the target, the controller can increase fan speed by a small amount. If the concentration continues to rise, it can open the intake damper further and increase exhaust capacity. Once the value falls, the system should reduce output gradually to prevent oscillation.<\/p><p>Ventilation should also have a minimum position. Even when CO2 is below the target, the room may need baseline fresh air for odor control, oxygen balance, condensation management, or process requirements. A minimum setting prevents stagnant zones and allows the controller to recover more quickly after door openings or high biological activity.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Control mode<\/th><th>Operating principle<\/th><th>Best application<\/th><th>Advantage<\/th><th>Limitation<\/th><th>Commissioning check<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>On-off control<\/td><td>Fan switches at one or two limits<\/td><td>Small, simple rooms<\/td><td>Low installation cost<\/td><td>Creates wider CO2 swings<\/td><td>Confirm delay and hysteresis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Staged control<\/td><td>Fans or dampers operate in steps<\/td><td>Medium rooms with fixed equipment<\/td><td>Easy to understand and service<\/td><td>May cause abrupt airflow changes<\/td><td>Test each stage independently<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Variable-speed control<\/td><td>Fan speed follows demand<\/td><td>Commercial rooms with EC or VFD fans<\/td><td>Efficient and smooth<\/td><td>Requires compatible drives<\/td><td>Verify minimum safe fan speed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Proportional control<\/td><td>Output changes according to CO2 deviation<\/td><td>Rooms needing stable conditions<\/td><td>Reduces overshoot<\/td><td>Needs suitable tuning<\/td><td>Observe recovery and settling time<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recipe control<\/td><td>Setpoints change with crop stage<\/td><td>Multi-stage production facilities<\/td><td>Matches biological requirements<\/td><td>More setup and operator training<\/td><td>Audit each recipe transition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zone control<\/td><td>Separate areas respond to local sensors<\/td><td>Large halls or modular farms<\/td><td>Improves uniformity<\/td><td>Higher equipment and wiring cost<\/td><td>Check zone interaction and pressure<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Outdoor conditions must be part of the control logic. A cold winter intake may require preheating. Hot, humid air may require cooling or dehumidification before entering the crop room. In dry weather, full fresh-air exchange can reduce relative humidity rapidly. The controller should therefore coordinate CO2 demand with temperature and humidity limits rather than treating gas concentration as an isolated variable.<\/p><h2>Coordinating Dampers, Fans, and Exhaust<\/h2><p>Fresh-air systems work correctly only when intake and exhaust components operate as a coordinated group. Opening an intake damper without enabling exhaust may pressurize the room and cause air leakage through doors, panels, and service openings. Running an exhaust fan while the intake damper is closed can create excessive negative pressure, draw unfiltered air through gaps, and reduce the actual airflow below the controller\u2019s expectation.<\/p><p>A typical sequence begins with a permissive check. The controller confirms that the system is enabled, the emergency stop is reset, the damper is available, and no critical sensor fault is active. It then opens the intake damper, waits for position feedback or a short proving time, starts the supply or exhaust fan, and verifies airflow or fan status. When demand falls, the system reverses the sequence with a controlled run-on period to remove residual CO2.<\/p><p>Where possible, use feedback rather than assuming that a command equals actual operation. Damper position feedback, fan run status, differential pressure, airflow switches, and motor fault contacts can identify failures quickly. A fan commanded to 70% but running at 20% because of a drive fault should create an alarm and a safe response.<\/p><p>Air filtration adds resistance as it becomes dirty. The controller may need to increase fan speed to maintain airflow, but there is a practical limit. A differential-pressure sensor across the filter helps maintenance teams identify replacement requirements before the room loses ventilation capacity.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Component<\/th><th>Primary function<\/th><th>Useful feedback<\/th><th>Typical fault<\/th><th>Control response<\/th><th>Maintenance focus<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Fresh-air damper<\/td><td>Regulates outdoor-air entry<\/td><td>Position signal<\/td><td>Stuck or partially closed<\/td><td>Alarm and limit fan demand<\/td><td>Inspect actuator and linkage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exhaust fan<\/td><td>Removes room air and CO2<\/td><td>Run contact or speed signal<\/td><td>Motor or drive failure<\/td><td>Stop dependent intake sequence<\/td><td>Check bearings, belt, and wiring<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supply fan<\/td><td>Distributes conditioned air<\/td><td>Airflow or pressure<\/td><td>Low output or blocked filter<\/td><td>Increase service alert or reduce load<\/td><td>Clean filters and inspect impeller<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recirculation fan<\/td><td>Mixes room air and reduces stratification<\/td><td>Run status<\/td><td>Dead zone between racks<\/td><td>Maintain minimum circulation<\/td><td>Check direction and balance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Filter section<\/td><td>Protects the crop from contaminants<\/td><td>Differential pressure<\/td><td>Progressive blockage<\/td><td>Generate maintenance alarm<\/td><td>Replace according to pressure limit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Variable-speed drive<\/td><td>Matches motor output to demand<\/td><td>Speed and fault code<\/td><td>Overload or communication loss<\/td><td>Use backup stage or safe mode<\/td><td>Review drive settings and cooling<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Balanced air distribution matters as much as equipment capacity. Supply air should reach the crop without creating damaging drafts or drying the casing. Return and exhaust openings should be positioned to remove accumulated CO2 without short-circuiting directly from supply to exhaust. In modular containers, the compact room geometry makes diffuser direction, rack spacing, and fan selection especially important.<\/p><h2>Maintaining Humidity During Air Exchange<\/h2><p>Fresh-air exchange almost always affects humidity. If outside air is drier than the room air, CO2 reduction may be accompanied by a drop in relative humidity. If outside air is warm and humid, ventilation may add moisture and latent heat. For this reason, a mushroom climate controller should coordinate CO2 ventilation with humidification, cooling, heating, and dehumidification.<\/p><p>A practical sequence is to increase air exchange gradually while monitoring relative humidity and temperature. If humidity falls below the permitted band, the system can reduce the ventilation ramp, activate humidification when appropriate, or use conditioned air instead of untreated outside air. If humidity is too high and condensation risk increases, ventilation may be used together with heating or dehumidification.<\/p><p>Relative humidity readings must be interpreted with temperature. A small temperature change can produce a noticeable RH change even when the absolute moisture content is stable. Sensors should be protected from direct mist and positioned where they represent the crop environment. Condensation on a humidity probe can create a false high reading and cause the controller to stop necessary drying.<\/p><p>Humidity management is also a product-quality issue. Excessive drying may produce cracked caps, thin stems, poor weight gain, or uneven flushes. Excessive moisture can encourage bacterial problems, surface water, and condensation on panels or equipment. The correct response depends on species, strain, substrate, and growth phase.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Air-exchange condition<\/th><th>Humidity effect<\/th><th>Potential crop impact<\/th><th>Preferred control action<\/th><th>Equipment involved<\/th><th>Operator observation<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Cold, dry outdoor air<\/td><td>RH falls quickly<\/td><td>Dry casing or fruit bodies<\/td><td>Precondition air and limit ramp rate<\/td><td>Heater, humidifier, mixing fan<\/td><td>Check surface moisture<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Warm, humid outdoor air<\/td><td>Moisture load increases<\/td><td>Condensation and disease risk<\/td><td>Use cooling or dehumidification<\/td><td>Cooling coil, drain, dehumidifier<\/td><td>Inspect corners and panels<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High CO2 with low RH<\/td><td>Ventilation is necessary but drying<\/td><td>Competing climate demands<\/td><td>Use conditioned fresh air<\/td><td>Air handler and humidifier<\/td><td>Review CO2 and RH trends together<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High CO2 with high RH<\/td><td>Ventilation can improve both<\/td><td>Potential condensation<\/td><td>Increase exchange cautiously<\/td><td>Exhaust and cooling system<\/td><td>Look for wet surfaces<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fogging or mist operation<\/td><td>Local RH may be much higher<\/td><td>False sensor readings<\/td><td>Separate probe from direct spray<\/td><td>Humidifier and circulation fans<\/td><td>Inspect probe housing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Door opening during harvest<\/td><td>Short-term fluctuation<\/td><td>Temporary stress only<\/td><td>Use alarm delay and recovery logic<\/td><td>Controller and door switch<\/td><td>Record event timing<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Energy performance should be measured alongside crop results. A system that maintains CO2 but consumes excessive heating or cooling energy may need better heat recovery, improved insulation, tighter doors, or more accurate fan control. In regions with high electricity prices, demand-controlled ventilation and heat recovery can significantly improve operating economics.<\/p><h2>Alarm Settings and Sensor Fault Modes<\/h2><p>Alarms should help operators act before crop quality or worker safety is affected. A high CO2 alarm should have at least two levels: an early warning and a critical alarm. The exact thresholds depend on the room recipe, local occupational-safety requirements, and the intended use of the space. Operators must never enter a room with a high CO2 alarm without following the site\u2019s ventilation and entry procedure.<\/p><p>Alarm delays prevent nuisance notifications caused by door openings, harvest work, or brief fan transitions. However, delays should not be so long that a genuine ventilation failure is hidden. Use separate delays for high concentration, sensor fault, fan failure, and communication loss. Alarm acknowledgment should not disable the underlying protective action.<\/p><p>A sensor fault mode must be clearly defined. If the CO2 sensor is disconnected, out of range, frozen, or reporting invalid data, the controller should not assume that the room is safe. A suitable fallback may be minimum ventilation plus a timed emergency purge, subject to temperature and humidity limits. The system should also notify the operator and record the fault.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Alarm type<\/th><th>Trigger example<\/th><th>Immediate action<\/th><th>Operator response<\/th><th>Reset condition<\/th><th>Record to retain<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>CO2 warning<\/td><td>Concentration above warning limit<\/td><td>Increase ventilation gradually<\/td><td>Check trend and room access<\/td><td>Value remains below reset limit<\/td><td>Time, value, and duration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO2 critical<\/td><td>Concentration reaches critical limit<\/td><td>Run emergency ventilation<\/td><td>Restrict entry and inspect system<\/td><td>Safe reading after verification<\/td><td>Event and corrective action<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor disconnected<\/td><td>No signal or invalid value<\/td><td>Enter configured fallback mode<\/td><td>Inspect cable, power, and probe<\/td><td>Valid signal for a defined period<\/td><td>Fault code and repair time<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor drift<\/td><td>Unreasonable change or mismatch<\/td><td>Flag reading for review<\/td><td>Compare with portable instrument<\/td><td>Calibration or replacement completed<\/td><td>Calibration results<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fan failure<\/td><td>Commanded fan without run feedback<\/td><td>Stop unsafe damper sequence<\/td><td>Check motor, drive, and breaker<\/td><td>Run proof restored<\/td><td>Fault code and downtime<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Communication loss<\/td><td>Controller cannot reach remote device<\/td><td>Use local safe settings<\/td><td>Inspect network and address settings<\/td><td>Stable communications restored<\/td><td>Network event history<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Alarm testing should be part of commissioning and periodic maintenance. Simulate a disconnected sensor, a failed fan contact, a blocked filter warning, and a high-CO2 condition using approved test procedures. Confirm that local indicators, remote notifications, data logging, and fallback ventilation all function as intended.<\/p><h2>Checking CO2 Across Loaded Racks<\/h2><p>Rack loading changes air resistance and creates shadows in the airflow pattern. Bags, trays, shelves, and fruit bodies can restrict circulation, while warm equipment or lighting can create vertical convection. A controller located near the return duct may show an acceptable value even when CO2 is elevated between racks.<\/p><p>Use a calibrated portable meter to survey the room at different rack heights and positions. Measurements should be taken after the room has reached normal operating conditions, not immediately after opening a door. Record the fan speed, damper position, temperature, humidity, crop stage, and time of each reading. Repeat the survey with a full crop load because an empty-room test cannot show the final pressure and airflow pattern.<\/p><p>Uniformity problems can often be corrected by adjusting diffuser direction, increasing recirculation, changing return-air positions, removing obstructions, balancing duct branches, or modifying rack spacing. Raising the overall fan speed may reduce the average CO2 value but still leave local high readings and increase drying.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Measurement location<\/th><th>What it can reveal<\/th><th>When to measure<\/th><th>Acceptable interpretation<\/th><th>Corrective option<\/th><th>Follow-up<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Near fresh-air supply<\/td><td>Short-circuiting or excessive dilution<\/td><td>During active ventilation<\/td><td>Not used as the only control point<\/td><td>Redirect diffuser airflow<\/td><td>Compare with central rack readings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Between lower racks<\/td><td>Low-level accumulation<\/td><td>At full crop load<\/td><td>Should track the room trend<\/td><td>Add circulation or open a flow path<\/td><td>Repeat after loading changes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Between upper racks<\/td><td>Stratification and warm-air effects<\/td><td>During stable operation<\/td><td>Difference remains within the farm limit<\/td><td>Balance vertical airflow<\/td><td>Check seasonal behavior<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Center aisle<\/td><td>Representative operator zone<\/td><td>Before and during harvest<\/td><td>Supports safe work decisions<\/td><td>Improve air mixing if elevated<\/td><td>Link to entry procedure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Return-air opening<\/td><td>Average room exhaust condition<\/td><td>At several fan speeds<\/td><td>Useful for trend control<\/td><td>Verify sensor calibration<\/td><td>Compare with portable meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Door side<\/td><td>Leakage and transient effects<\/td><td>After door closure<\/td><td>Stabilizes within the configured delay<\/td><td>Improve seals or air balance<\/td><td>Review door-event logs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Data logging supports better decisions. Store CO2, temperature, relative humidity, fan speed, damper position, alarms, and crop recipe in a common timeline. A graph can show whether high CO2 is caused by biological production, insufficient fan capacity, a closed damper, or a humidity-protection limit that intentionally reduced ventilation.<\/p><canvas id=\"co2TrendChart\" aria-label=\"Example mushroom room CO2 trend\"><\/canvas><script>new Chart(document.getElementById('co2TrendChart'), {  type: 'line',  data: {    labels: ['00:00','04:00','08:00','12:00','16:00','20:00','24:00'],    datasets: [{      label: 'Room CO2 trend',      data: [850, 1100, 1450, 1200, 980, 1300, 1050],      borderColor: '#3b6f4a',      backgroundColor: 'rgba(59,111,74,0.15)',      fill: true,      tension: 0.3    }]  },  options: {    responsive: true,    scales: {      y: {        beginAtZero: true,        title: { display: true, text: 'CO2 concentration' }      },      x: {        title: { display: true, text: 'Time' }      }    }  }});<\/script><h2>Market, Product Types, and Buying Advice<\/h2><p>Global mushroom farms use several types of CO2 control equipment. A standalone wall controller may be suitable for a small growing room with one fan. An integrated climate controller is more appropriate when CO2 must coordinate with temperature, humidity, cooling, heating, humidification, and pressure. Containerized cultivation systems generally require compact control hardware, remote monitoring, and factory-tested wiring because the equipment is installed in a limited space.<\/p><p>When comparing suppliers, buyers should evaluate the complete operating system rather than the sensor alone. Confirm whether the quotation includes probes, control cabinet, fan drives, damper actuators, programming, alarm outputs, data logging, commissioning support, and spare parts. Ask for electrical standards suitable for the installation country and verify whether the supplier can provide manuals and labels in the required language.<\/p><p>For international projects, lead time and logistics are important. Equipment shipped through Qingdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Rotterdam, Hamburg, Dubai, or Long Beach may face different freight, customs, and installation requirements. A supplier experienced with export packaging, replacement parts, remote troubleshooting, and local engineering coordination can reduce project risk.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Product type<\/th><th>Suitable facility<\/th><th>Key features<\/th><th>Buyer priority<\/th><th>Typical integration<\/th><th>Best question to ask<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Standalone CO2 controller<\/td><td>Small single-room farm<\/td><td>Basic sensor and relay outputs<\/td><td>Simple operation<\/td><td>One fan or damper<\/td><td>What happens during sensor failure?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Multi-room controller<\/td><td>Commercial production site<\/td><td>Multiple zones and recipes<\/td><td>Scalability<\/td><td>Fans, dampers, HVAC, alarms<\/td><td>How many rooms and sensors are supported?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PLC-based control cabinet<\/td><td>Engineering projects<\/td><td>Custom logic and industrial wiring<\/td><td>Integration flexibility<\/td><td>BMS, VFDs, monitoring systems<\/td><td>Can the I\/O list be customized?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Container climate system<\/td><td>Modular or remote production<\/td><td>Compact, prewired equipment<\/td><td>Fast deployment<\/td><td>Cooling, heating, humidity, CO2<\/td><td>What factory tests are completed?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Remote monitoring package<\/td><td>Distributed farms and contractors<\/td><td>Cloud or network trend access<\/td><td>Service visibility<\/td><td>Mobile alerts and data records<\/td><td>How is data protected and exported?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>OEM or ODM platform<\/td><td>Distributors and branded systems<\/td><td>Custom enclosure and interface<\/td><td>Product differentiation<\/td><td>Private-label control solutions<\/td><td>What documentation and customization are available?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Industries using these systems include commercial mushroom farms, agricultural contractors, food-production campuses, research facilities, vocational training centers, hydroponic projects, and modular farms operating in remote regions. Applications range from a single fruiting room to a complete facility with incubation, growing, packing, cold storage, and utility areas.<\/p><h2>Demand Control in Different Climates and Applications<\/h2><p>In tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, coastal Brazil, and parts of Africa, the main challenge may be removing heat and moisture while maintaining the desired CO2 level. Fresh air may require cooling and dehumidification. In cold locations such as northern China, Scandinavia, Canada, and parts of Russia, the priority may be recovering heat and moisture from exhaust air while preventing condensation and freezing.<\/p><p>Urban farms near London, Paris, Singapore, Tokyo, Seoul, New York, and Dubai may have limited space and high energy costs. Modular cultivation containers can provide a controlled production environment where airflow, cooling capacity, and sensor placement are designed together. Remote farms may place greater importance on alarms, autonomous fallback modes, spare-parts availability, and remote technical support.<\/p><p>A CO2 controller can also support process optimization. By comparing gas concentration with harvest weight, flush timing, electricity use, and humidity events, growers can refine recipes for each species. The purpose is not to chase the lowest CO2 value but to maintain the biological environment that produces consistent quality at an acceptable operating cost.<\/p><h2>2026 Trends in Mushroom CO2 Management<\/h2><p>By 2026, commercial growers are increasingly combining environmental sensors, variable-speed drives, digital records, and predictive maintenance. Controllers are moving from isolated relay panels toward connected climate platforms that can compare rooms, identify abnormal trends, and recommend maintenance before production is affected.<\/p><p>Sensor fusion is a major technology trend. CO2 data can be analyzed together with temperature, relative humidity, differential pressure, fan speed, damper position, and door status. This helps distinguish genuine respiration changes from sensor drift or airflow faults. Edge control is also becoming more important because the room should continue operating safely if an internet connection is lost.<\/p><p>Sustainability policies and energy prices are encouraging heat recovery, high-efficiency EC fans, variable-speed motors, better insulation, low-leakage doors, and demand-based ventilation. Farms are also looking at refrigerant selection, water consumption, packaging materials, and lifecycle serviceability. A system designed for repair and component replacement can reduce waste compared with a sealed, disposable control package.<\/p><p>Future projects should allow for cybersecurity, role-based access, audit trails, and secure remote updates. Data ownership should be discussed during procurement, especially when farms operate across multiple countries or use an external monitoring platform. Open communication protocols and documented interfaces make it easier to expand the installation later.<\/p><h2>Our Company<\/h2><p>Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. develops climate-control equipment for agricultural and industrial applications from its manufacturing base in Dezhou, Shandong, China. The company combines more than 12 years of thermodynamic research and development experience with a production facility of over 30,000 square meters. Its product range includes mushroom climate controllers, smart mushroom cultivation containers, smart hydroponic plant containers, and air-source heat pumps.<\/p><p>Its technological capability covers air treatment, temperature control, humidity management, CO2-based ventilation, electrical integration, and modular cultivation design. Engineering teams can adapt control logic for different species, room volumes, crop recipes, fan configurations, and local electrical requirements. More than 45 registered patents and a focus on practical system integration support the development of equipment for commercial farms and engineering contractors.<\/p><p>Manufacturing is managed through integrated processes including product design, engineering development, sheet-metal fabrication, CNC bending, insulation-panel production, electrical assembly, system integration, equipment testing, and quality inspection. Each system undergoes functional inspection, electrical verification, performance testing, and operational evaluation before shipment. ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001, and ISO 12100 certifications support its quality, environmental, occupational-safety, and machinery-safety management practices.<\/p><p>For international customers, Lanhu provides factory-direct supply, OEM and ODM development, engineering assistance, international logistics coordination, spare-parts support, installation guidance, and after-sales service. Agricultural contractors, distributors, system integrators, and commercial farming projects can discuss room dimensions, crop type, target climate conditions, electrical standards, monitoring requirements, and delivery destination before selecting the equipment configuration.<\/p><p>Customers can review the <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">smart mushroom climate controller solution<\/a> for integrated environmental management or explore the <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">modular mushroom cultivation container<\/a> for compact production projects. The company\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">project cases<\/a> provide additional context for different installation environments, while the <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">OEM and ODM service<\/a> supports customized branding, enclosure design, control functions, and project documentation.<\/p><h2>FAQ<\/h2><h3>What does a mushroom CO2 controller do?<\/h3><p>It measures carbon dioxide in the growing environment and adjusts ventilation equipment to keep the concentration within a programmed operating range. Depending on the system, it can also coordinate temperature, humidity, cooling, heating, humidification, alarms, and data logging.<\/p><h3>Which sensor technology is best for mushroom rooms?<\/h3><p>An industrial NDIR CO2 sensor is commonly preferred because it provides stable measurement and can be integrated with digital or analog control systems. The sensor should be selected for the expected range, humidity conditions, response time, accuracy, and communication method.<\/p><h3>Where should the CO2 sensor be installed?<\/h3><p>Install it in a representative crop-air location away from direct supply jets, exhaust openings, humidifier spray, cooling discharge, and doors. Large rooms should be surveyed at several rack heights and locations before choosing the final control point.<\/p><h3>Can CO2 control operate with a humidity controller?<\/h3><p>Yes. The best systems coordinate CO2 demand with relative humidity, temperature, cooling, heating, and humidification. This prevents fresh-air exchange from drying the crop or adding excessive moisture without conditioning.<\/p><h3>Why does CO2 remain high even when the fan is running?<\/h3><p>Possible causes include a closed or blocked damper, dirty filter, undersized fan, incorrect fan rotation, excessive rack resistance, poor air mixing, a failed drive, or an inaccurate sensor. Measure airflow and compare several room locations before increasing the setpoint or fan speed.<\/p><h3>How often should mushroom CO2 sensors be calibrated?<\/h3><p>The interval depends on the sensor design, operating conditions, manufacturer instructions, and the consequences of inaccurate control. Many farms schedule periodic verification with a reference instrument and recalibrate or replace the sensor when drift exceeds the site\u2019s permitted tolerance.<\/p><h3>What should happen if the CO2 sensor fails?<\/h3><p>The controller should identify the invalid signal, issue an alarm, log the event, and enter a defined fallback mode. This may include minimum ventilation or a timed purge, subject to safe temperature and humidity limits. Operators should repair or replace the sensor promptly.<\/p><h3>Are CO2 setpoints the same for every mushroom species?<\/h3><p>No. Suitable conditions vary by species, strain, substrate, crop phase, and product objective. Oyster, button, shiitake, and lion\u2019s mane mushrooms may require different strategies. Setpoints should be developed with cultivation experience and verified through crop results.<\/p><h3>Is a single CO2 sensor enough for a commercial room?<\/h3><p>It may be adequate for a small, well-mixed room, but commercial rooms with long racks, high loading density, or several airflow zones should be checked with portable measurements. Multiple sensors or zone control may be justified when readings vary significantly.<\/p><h3>What information should be provided when requesting a quotation?<\/h3><p>Provide room dimensions, rack arrangement, crop species, production stage, target temperature and humidity, expected CO2 range, fresh-air and exhaust requirements, electrical supply, climate location, desired alarms, monitoring requirements, and destination port. This allows the supplier to size the system more accurately.<\/p>","es-title":"Control inteligente del CO\u2082 para cultivo de setas en Espa\u00f1a","es-meta":"Aprende a controlar el CO\u2082 en cultivos de setas en Espa\u00f1a con sensores, ventilaci\u00f3n, alarmas y estrategias para conservar humedad y rendimiento.","es-content":"<h2>Respuesta r\u00e1pida<\/h2><p>El control de CO\u2082 en una sala de cultivo de setas debe conectar tres elementos: medici\u00f3n fiable, ventilaci\u00f3n modulada y una l\u00f3gica de control adaptada a la respiraci\u00f3n del cultivo. A medida que aumenta la biomasa, las setas y el sustrato liberan m\u00e1s di\u00f3xido de carbono. Si el aire no se renueva, la concentraci\u00f3n sube, se ralentiza el desarrollo de los cuerpos fruct\u00edferos y pueden aparecer tallos alargados, sombreros peque\u00f1os, condensaci\u00f3n y una calidad irregular.<\/p><p>La estrategia m\u00e1s estable para una explotaci\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1a consiste en instalar sensores de CO\u2082 en la zona de respiraci\u00f3n del cultivo, lejos de la descarga directa de aire y de las puertas, y utilizar sus lecturas para regular la entrada de aire fresco, los ventiladores de impulsi\u00f3n y la extracci\u00f3n. El controlador debe trabajar con una banda de consigna, hist\u00e9resis y l\u00edmites de seguridad, en lugar de arrancar y detener los equipos continuamente.<\/p><p>Para una sala de setas o un contenedor de cultivo, no existe un \u00fanico rango universal. La consigna depende de la especie, la fase de producci\u00f3n, la densidad de carga, la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la velocidad del aire. El champi\u00f1\u00f3n, la seta de ostra, el shiitake y otras especies tienen necesidades diferentes. Por esta raz\u00f3n, conviene elegir un controlador clim\u00e1tico que permita configurar recetas por fase y registrar las tendencias de CO\u2082, temperatura y humedad.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Situaci\u00f3n observada<\/th><th>Posible causa<\/th><th>Acci\u00f3n recomendada<\/th><th>Prioridad<\/th><th>Resultado esperado<\/th><th>Comprobaci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082 elevado durante varias horas<\/td><td>Caudal de aire fresco insuficiente<\/td><td>Revisar compuertas, filtros y ventilador de extracci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><td>Descenso gradual sin perder humedad<\/td><td>Comparar la tendencia durante 30 minutos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Valores muy diferentes entre estanter\u00edas<\/td><td>Mala distribuci\u00f3n del aire<\/td><td>Medir en varios niveles y equilibrar impulsi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><td>Menor diferencia entre puntos<\/td><td>Realizar un mapa de CO\u2082 por rack<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 correcto pero p\u00e9rdida de humedad<\/td><td>Renovaci\u00f3n excesiva o aire exterior seco<\/td><td>Reducir el caudal y coordinar humidificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Media<\/td><td>Humedad m\u00e1s estable<\/td><td>Registrar humedad antes y despu\u00e9s del ciclo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventiladores con muchos arranques<\/td><td>Hist\u00e9resis demasiado estrecha<\/td><td>Ampliar la banda de control<\/td><td>Media<\/td><td>Funcionamiento m\u00e1s suave<\/td><td>Contar ciclos por hora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lectura fija o incoherente<\/td><td>Sensor sucio, averiado o mal cableado<\/td><td>Activar modo de fallo y sustituir o verificar el sensor<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><td>Protecci\u00f3n del cultivo<\/td><td>Comparar con un medidor port\u00e1til<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Condensaci\u00f3n en paredes y bolsas<\/td><td>Exceso de humedad o circulaci\u00f3n irregular<\/td><td>Revisar temperatura superficial y distribuci\u00f3n de aire<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><td>Menos agua libre y menor riesgo sanitario<\/td><td>Inspeccionar esquinas y zonas bajas<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>En Espa\u00f1a, el sistema debe adaptarse tanto al clima exterior como al tipo de edificio. Una instalaci\u00f3n pr\u00f3xima a A Coru\u00f1a tendr\u00e1 condiciones de humedad exterior distintas de otra situada en Almer\u00eda, Murcia, Valencia, Madrid o Zaragoza. Tambi\u00e9n es importante tener en cuenta la disponibilidad de repuestos, la potencia el\u00e9ctrica, el acceso t\u00e9cnico y la log\u00edstica desde puertos como Valencia, Barcelona, Bilbao o Algeciras.<\/p><h2>C\u00f3mo cambia el CO\u2082 por la respiraci\u00f3n de las setas<\/h2><p>Las setas respiran de forma continua. Consumen ox\u00edgeno y liberan CO\u2082, aunque la intensidad de este proceso cambia con la temperatura, la humedad, la edad del cultivo y la cantidad de sustrato activo. Una sala reci\u00e9n cargada puede mostrar una demanda de ventilaci\u00f3n moderada, mientras que una sala con muchos bloques en fructificaci\u00f3n puede elevar el CO\u2082 con rapidez despu\u00e9s de cerrar puertas y detener la renovaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>La respiraci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n var\u00eda durante el ciclo productivo. En la incubaci\u00f3n, el metabolismo del sustrato puede generar calor y CO\u2082 incluso antes de que aparezcan los cuerpos fruct\u00edferos. En la fructificaci\u00f3n, la densidad de setas aumenta y las necesidades de aireaci\u00f3n se vuelven m\u00e1s din\u00e1micas. Despu\u00e9s de una cosecha, la carga respiratoria puede disminuir temporalmente, pero vuelve a incrementarse cuando aparece una nueva oleada.<\/p><p>El controlador no debe interpretar una lectura puntual como una situaci\u00f3n permanente. Es m\u00e1s \u00fatil analizar la velocidad de subida del CO\u2082, el tiempo necesario para regresar a la consigna y la diferencia entre sensores. Una subida r\u00e1pida despu\u00e9s de cerrar la puerta indica una generaci\u00f3n elevada o una mezcla deficiente. Un descenso muy lento puede se\u00f1alar filtros obstruidos, ventiladores con bajo caudal, compuertas que no abren por completo o una extracci\u00f3n mal equilibrada.<\/p><h3>Efecto sobre la forma y el rendimiento<\/h3><p>Una concentraci\u00f3n excesiva puede afectar la morfolog\u00eda de distintas especies. En algunas setas se observan tallos m\u00e1s largos, sombreros menos desarrollados o una apariencia menos uniforme. En otras, el problema principal puede ser un crecimiento lento, una apertura inadecuada o una mayor sensibilidad a la condensaci\u00f3n. La relaci\u00f3n entre CO\u2082 y calidad no debe evaluarse de forma aislada: temperatura, humedad, velocidad del aire y composici\u00f3n del sustrato tambi\u00e9n influyen.<\/p><p>Por ello, una receta de control debe asociar la consigna de CO\u2082 con una temperatura y una humedad objetivo. Cuando el aire exterior es fr\u00edo o seco, una ventilaci\u00f3n intensa puede corregir el CO\u2082 pero provocar estr\u00e9s h\u00eddrico. Cuando el aire exterior es c\u00e1lido y h\u00famedo, una renovaci\u00f3n excesiva puede introducir calor latente y aumentar la carga del sistema de refrigeraci\u00f3n.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Fase del cultivo<\/th><th>Comportamiento habitual del CO\u2082<\/th><th>Variable que debe observarse<\/th><th>Riesgo de una ventilaci\u00f3n insuficiente<\/th><th>Enfoque de control<\/th><th>Registro recomendado<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Incubaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Subida progresiva por actividad del sustrato<\/td><td>Temperatura del bloque y del aire<\/td><td>Acumulaci\u00f3n de calor y gases<\/td><td>Renovaci\u00f3n moderada y estable<\/td><td>CO\u2082 cada 5 o 10 minutos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inicio de fructificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Cambios r\u00e1pidos al abrir la sala<\/td><td>Respuesta a la entrada de aire<\/td><td>Desarrollo irregular<\/td><td>Control con hist\u00e9resis amplia<\/td><td>Tiempo de recuperaci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Primera oleada<\/td><td>Generaci\u00f3n elevada en salas cargadas<\/td><td>CO\u2082 por altura y pasillo<\/td><td>Sombreros peque\u00f1os o tallos largos<\/td><td>Ventilaci\u00f3n proporcional<\/td><td>Mapa de puntos de medici\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Entre oleadas<\/td><td>Puede disminuir temporalmente<\/td><td>Humedad del sustrato<\/td><td>Secado por aireaci\u00f3n excesiva<\/td><td>Reducir el caudal m\u00ednimo<\/td><td>Media horaria y m\u00ednimos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00daltima oleada<\/td><td>Menor carga, pero no necesariamente estable<\/td><td>Condensaci\u00f3n y temperatura<\/td><td>Ambiente viciado en zonas muertas<\/td><td>Conservar circulaci\u00f3n interna<\/td><td>Comparaci\u00f3n entre sensores<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sala vac\u00eda y limpieza<\/td><td>CO\u2082 cercano al exterior<\/td><td>Calidad del aire y secado<\/td><td>Secado lento o malos olores<\/td><td>Ventilaci\u00f3n de limpieza programada<\/td><td>Duraci\u00f3n del ciclo de renovaci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h2>Elecci\u00f3n del rango y la ubicaci\u00f3n de los sensores<\/h2><p>El sensor debe seleccionarse seg\u00fan el rango de concentraci\u00f3n esperado, la precisi\u00f3n necesaria, la estabilidad a largo plazo y las condiciones de humedad. Para una sala de cultivo comercial, no basta con elegir el dispositivo m\u00e1s econ\u00f3mico. El equipo debe tolerar ciclos frecuentes de humedad elevada, cambios de temperatura, limpieza y funcionamiento continuo.<\/p><p>La ubicaci\u00f3n es tan importante como la especificaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica. Un sensor instalado justo delante de una boquilla de aire fresco mostrar\u00e1 un valor artificialmente bajo. Si se coloca junto a la extracci\u00f3n, puede detectar un valor inferior al que respira el cultivo. Si se instala sobre una puerta, las corrientes de apertura pueden generar oscilaciones que llevan al controlador a realizar ajustes innecesarios.<\/p><h3>Recomendaciones de montaje<\/h3><ul><li>Colocar el sensor principal a una altura representativa de la zona donde se desarrollan las setas.<\/li><li>Mantener distancia respecto a impulsiones, extracciones, humidificadores y superficies que goteen.<\/li><li>Evitar esquinas sin circulaci\u00f3n, salvo que se instale un segundo sensor para estudiar esa zona.<\/li><li>Protegerlo de salpicaduras y condensaci\u00f3n directa sin bloquear la difusi\u00f3n del gas.<\/li><li>Dejar acceso para calibraci\u00f3n, limpieza y sustituci\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Etiquetar cada sensor con su ubicaci\u00f3n y fecha de verificaci\u00f3n.<\/li><\/ul><p>En salas grandes, un \u00fanico punto de medici\u00f3n puede ser insuficiente. Una buena pr\u00e1ctica consiste en disponer de un sensor de control y varios sensores de comprobaci\u00f3n. El controlador puede utilizar el sensor principal para regular los equipos, mientras que el personal revisa los secundarios para detectar estratificaci\u00f3n, zonas muertas o desequilibrios entre estanter\u00edas.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tipo de instalaci\u00f3n<\/th><th>N\u00famero m\u00ednimo aconsejado<\/th><th>Ubicaci\u00f3n principal<\/th><th>Ubicaci\u00f3n secundaria<\/th><th>Objetivo<\/th><th>Frecuencia de verificaci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sala peque\u00f1a de producci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Un sensor de control<\/td><td>Centro de la zona de cultivo<\/td><td>Medici\u00f3n port\u00e1til en esquinas<\/td><td>Control b\u00e1sico de renovaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Semanal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sala alargada<\/td><td>Un sensor y un comprobador<\/td><td>Mitad de la longitud<\/td><td>Extremo opuesto<\/td><td>Detectar diferencias longitudinales<\/td><td>Varias veces por semana<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sala con seis o m\u00e1s racks<\/td><td>Dos o tres sensores<\/td><td>Zona central y altura media<\/td><td>Rack superior e inferior<\/td><td>Comprobar estratificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Diaria durante la puesta en marcha<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Contenedor modular<\/td><td>Un sensor integrado y uno port\u00e1til<\/td><td>Retorno o zona de mezcla<\/td><td>Frente y fondo de la carga<\/td><td>Validar el dise\u00f1o del flujo<\/td><td>En cada cambio de receta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Instalaci\u00f3n con varias salas<\/td><td>Un sensor por sala<\/td><td>Zona representativa de cada recinto<\/td><td>Sensor port\u00e1til compartido<\/td><td>Comparar lotes y condiciones<\/td><td>Seg\u00fan el plan de calidad<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zona de pruebas o investigaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Dos o m\u00e1s sensores<\/td><td>Entrada y centro del cultivo<\/td><td>Salida y zona de producto<\/td><td>Obtener datos experimentales<\/td><td>Registro continuo<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Antes de poner el sistema en servicio, conviene comparar todos los sensores en un entorno estable. Si dos unidades presentan una diferencia constante, debe documentarse y corregirse en el controlador. Tambi\u00e9n hay que revisar que la se\u00f1al el\u00e9ctrica, la alimentaci\u00f3n y la comunicaci\u00f3n sean compatibles con el cuadro de control.<\/p><h2>Ventilaci\u00f3n de aire fresco seg\u00fan la demanda<\/h2><p>La ventilaci\u00f3n basada en la demanda utiliza el CO\u2082 real de la sala para ajustar el caudal. En lugar de operar con un horario fijo, el sistema aumenta la renovaci\u00f3n cuando la concentraci\u00f3n se aproxima o supera la consigna y reduce la aportaci\u00f3n cuando el nivel se estabiliza. Este m\u00e9todo puede ahorrar energ\u00eda, limitar la p\u00e9rdida de humedad y adaptarse a cambios en la carga de cultivo.<\/p><p>La l\u00f3gica m\u00e1s sencilla utiliza dos l\u00edmites: un punto de arranque y un punto de parada. Por ejemplo, el ventilador puede iniciar una renovaci\u00f3n cuando el CO\u2082 supera el l\u00edmite superior y detenerse cuando vuelve a un nivel inferior. La diferencia entre ambos valores se denomina hist\u00e9resis. Si es demasiado peque\u00f1a, el equipo arranca y se detiene continuamente; si es demasiado grande, la concentraci\u00f3n puede alejarse demasiado del objetivo.<\/p><p>Una estrategia m\u00e1s avanzada regula la velocidad del ventilador o la apertura de la compuerta de forma proporcional. Cuando el CO\u2082 est\u00e1 ligeramente por encima de la consigna, se aplica un caudal moderado. Si la subida contin\u00faa, el caudal aumenta. As\u00ed se evitan cambios bruscos de humedad y temperatura. Para que funcione correctamente, el sistema necesita conocer el caudal m\u00ednimo de ventilaci\u00f3n, el tiempo de respuesta de la sala y la capacidad real de los ventiladores.<\/p><h3>Consejos de compra para explotaciones espa\u00f1olas<\/h3><p>Al comparar controladores, los compradores deben revisar si el equipo admite varias recetas, alarmas configurables, comunicaci\u00f3n con variadores de frecuencia, control de compuertas y registro hist\u00f3rico. Tambi\u00e9n es importante confirmar que la documentaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica est\u00e9 disponible en espa\u00f1ol o que el proveedor proporcione asistencia clara para la puesta en marcha.<\/p><p>En una explotaci\u00f3n nueva cerca de Madrid, Barcelona, La Rioja o Castilla y Le\u00f3n, el dimensionamiento debe considerar la carga m\u00e1xima de bloques y las condiciones exteriores de dise\u00f1o. En zonas costeras, el aire de renovaci\u00f3n puede contener m\u00e1s humedad y sales. En el interior peninsular, especialmente durante el invierno, el aire puede ser muy seco y exigir humidificaci\u00f3n adicional.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Elemento de control<\/th><th>Funci\u00f3n<\/th><th>Ventaja<\/th><th>Riesgo si se ajusta mal<\/th><th>Recomendaci\u00f3n<\/th><th>Indicador de buen funcionamiento<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Consigna de CO\u2082<\/td><td>Define el objetivo de la sala<\/td><td>Adapta la ventilaci\u00f3n al cultivo<\/td><td>Calidad irregular<\/td><td>Configurar por especie y fase<\/td><td>Lectura estable alrededor del objetivo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hist\u00e9resis<\/td><td>Evita conmutaciones r\u00e1pidas<\/td><td>Protege ventiladores y compuertas<\/td><td>Oscilaciones o respuesta lenta<\/td><td>Ajustarla tras observar la tendencia<\/td><td>Pocos arranques por hora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Caudal m\u00ednimo<\/td><td>Mantiene circulaci\u00f3n continua<\/td><td>Reduce zonas estancadas<\/td><td>Secado innecesario<\/td><td>Definirlo seg\u00fan la carga<\/td><td>Aire uniforme sin p\u00e9rdida excesiva<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Velocidad m\u00e1xima<\/td><td>Limita la renovaci\u00f3n intensa<\/td><td>Conserva humedad y temperatura<\/td><td>CO\u2082 persistentemente alto<\/td><td>Validarla con una prueba de carga<\/td><td>Descenso r\u00e1pido pero gradual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tiempo m\u00ednimo de marcha<\/td><td>Evita ciclos demasiado cortos<\/td><td>Estabiliza el flujo<\/td><td>Respuesta m\u00e1s lenta<\/td><td>Usarlo con equipos de gran inercia<\/td><td>Funcionamiento uniforme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Retardo de alarma<\/td><td>Filtra picos moment\u00e1neos<\/td><td>Reduce falsas alarmas<\/td><td>Retrasa una reacci\u00f3n importante<\/td><td>Combinarlo con un l\u00edmite cr\u00edtico<\/td><td>Alarmas relevantes y trazables<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><canvas id=\"graficoCO2\" aria-label=\"Ejemplo de respuesta del CO\u2082 durante un ciclo de ventilaci\u00f3n\"><\/canvas><script>new Chart(document.getElementById('graficoCO2'), {  type: 'line',  data: {    labels: ['00:00', '00:15', '00:30', '00:45', '01:00', '01:15', '01:30'],    datasets: [{      label: 'Concentraci\u00f3n relativa de CO\u2082',      data: [100, 118, 136, 142, 126, 112, 104],      borderColor: '#2e7d32',      backgroundColor: 'rgba(46,125,50,0.15)',      tension: 0.3,      fill: true    }]  },  options: {    responsive: true,    plugins: {      legend: {        labels: {          font: { family: 'Arial' }        }      }    },    scales: {      x: {        title: { display: true, text: 'Hora de observaci\u00f3n' }      },      y: {        title: { display: true, text: 'Valor relativo' },        beginAtZero: false      }    }  }});<\/script><h2>Coordinaci\u00f3n de compuertas, ventiladores y extracci\u00f3n<\/h2><p>El sistema de CO\u2082 funciona correctamente solo cuando todos los elementos mec\u00e1nicos act\u00faan de forma coordinada. Abrir una compuerta sin activar la extracci\u00f3n puede generar sobrepresi\u00f3n. Encender la extracci\u00f3n con la entrada cerrada puede crear depresi\u00f3n, aspirar aire por rendijas y alterar el patr\u00f3n de circulaci\u00f3n. Por eso, la secuencia de funcionamiento debe programarse y verificarse durante la puesta en marcha.<\/p><p>Una secuencia habitual comienza con la apertura gradual de la compuerta de aire fresco. Despu\u00e9s se activa el ventilador de impulsi\u00f3n y, con un peque\u00f1o retardo, el ventilador de extracci\u00f3n. La duraci\u00f3n y el orden dependen del dise\u00f1o de la instalaci\u00f3n. Cuando el CO\u2082 vuelve al rango objetivo, la reducci\u00f3n del caudal debe ser progresiva para evitar cambios bruscos de humedad y temperatura.<\/p><h3>Equilibrio entre impulsi\u00f3n y extracci\u00f3n<\/h3><p>El equilibrio no significa necesariamente que ambos ventiladores tengan la misma capacidad nominal. La resistencia de filtros, conductos, rejillas y silenciadores puede cambiar el caudal real. La comprobaci\u00f3n debe realizarse con el sistema funcionando, midiendo presi\u00f3n, velocidad o caudal seg\u00fan los instrumentos disponibles. Tambi\u00e9n hay que verificar que las compuertas respondan a la se\u00f1al y alcancen su posici\u00f3n real.<\/p><p>En sistemas modulares, como un contenedor inteligente de cultivo, el recorrido del aire suele estar m\u00e1s controlado. Aun as\u00ed, la carga de estanter\u00edas, la posici\u00f3n de las bolsas y la obstrucci\u00f3n de filtros pueden modificar la distribuci\u00f3n. En instalaciones de varias salas, puede ser \u00fatil instalar v\u00e1lvulas de equilibrado, variadores de frecuencia y sensores de presi\u00f3n diferencial.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Se\u00f1al de control<\/th><th>Comprobaci\u00f3n en campo<\/th><th>Problema frecuente<\/th><th>Medida correctiva<\/th><th>Resultado esperado<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Compuerta de aire fresco<\/td><td>Orden de apertura gradual<\/td><td>Confirmar posici\u00f3n real<\/td><td>Atasco o cierre parcial<\/td><td>Limpiar, lubricar o sustituir el actuador<\/td><td>Caudal exterior disponible<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilador de impulsi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Arranque o velocidad variable<\/td><td>Medir flujo en la impulsi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Filtro sucio o correa floja<\/td><td>Revisar mantenimiento y transmisi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Aire distribuido uniformemente<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilador de extracci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Arranque coordinado<\/td><td>Comprobar presi\u00f3n y salida<\/td><td>Conducto obstruido<\/td><td>Inspeccionar rejillas y descarga<\/td><td>Renovaci\u00f3n sin depresi\u00f3n excesiva<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recirculaci\u00f3n interna<\/td><td>Funcionamiento continuo o por ciclos<\/td><td>Observar movimiento de aire<\/td><td>Zonas muertas entre racks<\/td><td>Reorientar difusores o a\u00f1adir circulaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Mezcla homog\u00e9nea<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Variador de frecuencia<\/td><td>Se\u00f1al proporcional<\/td><td>Comparar velocidad y caudal<\/td><td>Rango mal configurado<\/td><td>Ajustar l\u00edmites y rampas<\/td><td>Respuesta suave a la demanda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Filtro de aire<\/td><td>Sin se\u00f1al directa o con presi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Medir p\u00e9rdida de carga<\/td><td>Saturaci\u00f3n por polvo o esporas<\/td><td>Establecer cambio preventivo<\/td><td>Caudal estable y aire limpio<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h2>Mantenimiento de la humedad durante el intercambio de aire<\/h2><p>La renovaci\u00f3n de aire reduce el CO\u2082, pero tambi\u00e9n puede modificar r\u00e1pidamente la humedad relativa. Este efecto es especialmente importante en Espa\u00f1a durante el invierno, cuando el aire exterior fr\u00edo puede contener poca humedad absoluta. Al calentarse dentro de la sala, su humedad relativa desciende todav\u00eda m\u00e1s. Si el sistema no compensa este cambio, los bordes de las setas y la superficie del sustrato pueden secarse.<\/p><p>En verano, el problema puede ser diferente. En Valencia, Barcelona, Huelva o M\u00e1laga, el aire exterior puede introducir una carga elevada de humedad y calor. En ese caso, la renovaci\u00f3n mejora el CO\u2082, pero incrementa el trabajo de refrigeraci\u00f3n y deshumidificaci\u00f3n. El controlador debe evaluar conjuntamente la temperatura, la humedad y el CO\u2082, no tratar cada variable como si estuviera aislada.<\/p><h3>C\u00f3mo evitar la p\u00e9rdida de humedad<\/h3><ul><li>Utilizar rampas de velocidad en ventiladores de frecuencia variable.<\/li><li>Evitar que el aire fresco incida directamente sobre las bolsas o los cuerpos fruct\u00edferos.<\/li><li>Mantener una circulaci\u00f3n interna suficiente aunque la compuerta exterior est\u00e9 cerrada.<\/li><li>Coordinar el humidificador con el ciclo de ventilaci\u00f3n, con un retardo de seguridad.<\/li><li>Controlar la humedad absoluta cuando las condiciones exteriores cambien mucho.<\/li><li>Revisar la condensaci\u00f3n en techos, esquinas y zonas pr\u00f3ximas a los difusores.<\/li><\/ul><p>La humedad no debe corregirse simplemente aumentando el agua pulverizada. Un exceso de agua superficial puede favorecer condensaci\u00f3n y problemas sanitarios. La mejor estrategia combina una distribuci\u00f3n uniforme, temperaturas estables, aire filtrado y una renovaci\u00f3n que no sea m\u00e1s intensa de lo necesario.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Condici\u00f3n exterior<\/th><th>Efecto probable al ventilar<\/th><th>Respuesta del sistema<\/th><th>Riesgo para el cultivo<\/th><th>Dato que debe registrarse<\/th><th>Medida adicional<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Aire fr\u00edo y seco<\/td><td>Descenso r\u00e1pido de humedad relativa<\/td><td>Reducir el caudal instant\u00e1neo<\/td><td>Secado de superficie<\/td><td>Temperatura y humedad absoluta<\/td><td>Humidificaci\u00f3n gradual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aire fr\u00edo y h\u00famedo<\/td><td>Menor p\u00e9rdida de humedad<\/td><td>Ventilar seg\u00fan CO\u2082<\/td><td>Condensaci\u00f3n si se enfr\u00eda la sala<\/td><td>Punto de roc\u00edo<\/td><td>Controlar superficies fr\u00edas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aire c\u00e1lido y seco<\/td><td>Aumento de temperatura y secado<\/td><td>Limitar la renovaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Estr\u00e9s t\u00e9rmico<\/td><td>Temperatura de impulsi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Preenfriamiento o refrigeraci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aire c\u00e1lido y h\u00famedo<\/td><td>Entrada de calor y humedad<\/td><td>Coordinar refrigeraci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Condensaci\u00f3n y contaminaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Humedad absoluta exterior<\/td><td>Deshumidificaci\u00f3n si es necesario<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lluvia intensa<\/td><td>Humedad exterior elevada<\/td><td>Mantener intercambio moderado<\/td><td>Superficies mojadas<\/td><td>Punto de roc\u00edo interior<\/td><td>Revisar drenajes y filtraci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ola de calor<\/td><td>Incremento de temperatura interior<\/td><td>Priorizar protecci\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica<\/td><td>P\u00e9rdida de calidad<\/td><td>Temperatura del sustrato<\/td><td>Aplicar un l\u00edmite de ventilaci\u00f3n exterior<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h2>Ajustes de alarma y modos de fallo del sensor<\/h2><p>Las alarmas deben ayudar a actuar antes de que el cultivo sufra, no generar avisos constantes sin utilidad. Conviene separar las alarmas de advertencia de las alarmas cr\u00edticas. Una advertencia puede indicar que el CO\u2082 supera temporalmente el objetivo. Una alarma cr\u00edtica debe activarse si el nivel permanece fuera de rango, si la temperatura sube demasiado o si el sensor deja de transmitir una se\u00f1al v\u00e1lida.<\/p><p>El controlador debe identificar fallos como se\u00f1al ausente, lectura congelada, valor fuera de rango, p\u00e9rdida de comunicaci\u00f3n o diferencia anormal entre sensores. Ante un fallo, el sistema no deber\u00eda quedarse simplemente en el \u00faltimo estado indefinidamente. Debe aplicar una estrategia segura, por ejemplo mantener una ventilaci\u00f3n m\u00ednima, iniciar un ciclo de renovaci\u00f3n limitado o transferir el control a un sensor secundario.<\/p><h3>Alarmas recomendadas<\/h3><ul><li>CO\u2082 alto con retardo configurable.<\/li><li>CO\u2082 cr\u00edticamente alto con aviso local y remoto.<\/li><li>Sensor sin comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Lectura sin cambios durante un periodo anormal.<\/li><li>Temperatura o humedad fuera del l\u00edmite de la receta.<\/li><li>Compuerta sin confirmaci\u00f3n de posici\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Ventilador en marcha sin caudal esperado.<\/li><li>Fallo de alimentaci\u00f3n o comunicaci\u00f3n del cuadro.<\/li><\/ul><table><thead><tr><th>Alarma<\/th><th>Condici\u00f3n de activaci\u00f3n<\/th><th>Retardo orientativo<\/th><th>Acci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica<\/th><th>Acci\u00f3n del operario<\/th><th>Registro necesario<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082 elevado<\/td><td>Superaci\u00f3n del l\u00edmite de advertencia<\/td><td>Varios minutos<\/td><td>Aumentar la renovaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Revisar tendencia y caudal<\/td><td>Hora, valor y duraci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 cr\u00edtico<\/td><td>Superaci\u00f3n del l\u00edmite de seguridad<\/td><td>Corto<\/td><td>Ventilaci\u00f3n de emergencia<\/td><td>Inspeccionar sala y cultivo<\/td><td>Evento completo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor desconectado<\/td><td>P\u00e9rdida de se\u00f1al<\/td><td>Inmediato<\/td><td>Pasar a modo seguro<\/td><td>Revisar cableado y alimentaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>C\u00f3digo de fallo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lectura congelada<\/td><td>Sin variaci\u00f3n durante un periodo definido<\/td><td>Configurado seg\u00fan proceso<\/td><td>Usar sensor alternativo<\/td><td>Comparar con medidor port\u00e1til<\/td><td>\u00daltimo valor v\u00e1lido<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilador sin respuesta<\/td><td>Orden activa sin confirmaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Corto<\/td><td>Activar equipo de respaldo<\/td><td>Comprobar motor, variador y filtro<\/td><td>Estado de salida<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Humedad baja<\/td><td>Descenso sostenido<\/td><td>Varios minutos<\/td><td>Reducir renovaci\u00f3n o humidificar<\/td><td>Examinar fugas y difusores<\/td><td>Humedad y temperatura<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La prueba de alarmas debe formar parte de la puesta en marcha y del mantenimiento preventivo. El personal debe saber qu\u00e9 significa cada mensaje, qui\u00e9n recibe la notificaci\u00f3n y qu\u00e9 acci\u00f3n debe realizar. En explotaciones de Galicia, Catalu\u00f1a, Castilla-La Mancha o Andaluc\u00eda, el plan puede adaptarse a turnos, tama\u00f1o de la sala y disponibilidad de t\u00e9cnicos.<\/p><h2>Comprobaci\u00f3n del CO\u2082 entre estanter\u00edas cargadas<\/h2><p>Una lectura correcta en el centro de la sala no garantiza que todas las estanter\u00edas reciban las mismas condiciones. Las bolsas, bandejas y bloques pueden crear barreras al flujo. El aire puede circular por el pasillo principal y dejar zonas con poco movimiento en las partes traseras, superiores o inferiores de los racks.<\/p><p>Para validar una instalaci\u00f3n, se debe preparar un mapa de medici\u00f3n. El t\u00e9cnico puede registrar CO\u2082 en la entrada, el centro y el fondo de cada pasillo, adem\u00e1s de comparar los niveles superior, medio e inferior de varias estanter\u00edas. Las mediciones deben realizarse con las puertas cerradas y abiertas, durante la ventilaci\u00f3n y despu\u00e9s de que el sistema alcance la consigna.<\/p><p>Tambi\u00e9n es \u00fatil efectuar una prueba con una carga representativa. Una sala vac\u00eda suele mostrar una mezcla de aire mucho m\u00e1s uniforme que una sala llena. La prueba debe incluir el n\u00famero real de bloques, la posici\u00f3n normal de las bandejas y el funcionamiento habitual del humidificador. Si los resultados son desiguales, se pueden modificar los difusores, instalar circulaci\u00f3n adicional o ajustar la velocidad de los ventiladores.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Punto de medici\u00f3n<\/th><th>Momento<\/th><th>Qu\u00e9 indica<\/th><th>Desviaci\u00f3n que debe investigarse<\/th><th>Posible causa<\/th><th>Acci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><tbody><tr><td>Entrada de aire<\/td><td>Durante la renovaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Calidad del aire que entra<\/td><td>Valor anormalmente bajo<\/td><td>Mezcla insuficiente<\/td><td>Revisar distribuci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Centro del pasillo<\/td><td>Antes y despu\u00e9s del ciclo<\/td><td>Referencia de la sala<\/td><td>Subida continua<\/td><td>Caudal insuficiente<\/td><td>Comprobar ventiladores<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fondo del pasillo<\/td><td>Con puertas cerradas<\/td><td>Alcance de la circulaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>CO\u2082 superior al centro<\/td><td>Zona muerta<\/td><td>Reorientar difusores<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rack superior<\/td><td>Con carga completa<\/td><td>Efecto de estratificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Diferencia persistente<\/td><td>Flujo vertical desequilibrado<\/td><td>Ajustar impulsi\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rack inferior<\/td><td>Durante la humidificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Acumulaci\u00f3n cerca del suelo<\/td><td>CO\u2082 y humedad elevados<\/td><td>Recirculaci\u00f3n limitada<\/td><td>Mejorar retorno de aire<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zona pr\u00f3xima a extracci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Al final del ciclo<\/td><td>Eficiencia de evacuaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Valor demasiado bajo o alto<\/td><td>Extracci\u00f3n mal situada<\/td><td>Equilibrar conductos<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Aplicaciones y sectores<\/h3><p>Esta metodolog\u00eda sirve para salas de champi\u00f1\u00f3n, c\u00e1maras de seta de ostra, instalaciones de shiitake, m\u00f3dulos de cultivo vertical, contenedores inteligentes, centros de investigaci\u00f3n y explotaciones agr\u00edcolas que combinan producci\u00f3n con clasificaci\u00f3n y envasado. Tambi\u00e9n puede emplearse en proyectos de contratistas agr\u00edcolas, distribuidores de equipos, empresas de ingenier\u00eda y productores que desean ampliar su capacidad sin construir una nave completa desde el principio.<\/p><p>Para instalaciones peque\u00f1as, un controlador compacto con sensor fiable puede ser suficiente. Para centros con varias salas, conviene utilizar una arquitectura escalable, con control independiente por recinto, registros hist\u00f3ricos y permisos de acceso. Los datos ayudan a relacionar el clima con la producci\u00f3n, detectar desviaciones entre lotes y planificar mantenimiento.<\/p><h2>Nuestra empresa<\/h2><p>Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. es un fabricante especializado en control clim\u00e1tico agr\u00edcola, climatizaci\u00f3n industrial y soluciones modulares de cultivo. Desde su base en Dezhou, Shandong, suministra equipos para proyectos internacionales y puede colaborar con productores, distribuidores, contratistas agr\u00edcolas y empresas de ingenier\u00eda que trabajan en Espa\u00f1a.<\/p><h3>Capacidades tecnol\u00f3gicas<\/h3><p>Lanhu combina m\u00e1s de doce a\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo termodin\u00e1mico con una cartera de m\u00e1s de 45 patentes registradas. Su experiencia incluye controladores clim\u00e1ticos para setas, contenedores inteligentes de cultivo, m\u00f3dulos hidrop\u00f3nicos y bombas de calor de fuente de aire. Esta base permite integrar sensores, ventiladores, compuertas, refrigeraci\u00f3n, calefacci\u00f3n, humidificaci\u00f3n y alarmas dentro de una estrategia coordinada.<\/p><p>Para proyectos espa\u00f1oles, la configuraci\u00f3n puede adaptarse a diferentes especies, vol\u00famenes de producci\u00f3n, condiciones exteriores y fases de cultivo. El equipo t\u00e9cnico puede ayudar a definir el rango de medici\u00f3n, la ubicaci\u00f3n de sensores, la l\u00f3gica de renovaci\u00f3n y la interacci\u00f3n entre el control de CO\u2082 y la conservaci\u00f3n de humedad. Puede consultar el <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">controlador clim\u00e1tico inteligente para cultivo de setas<\/a> para revisar una soluci\u00f3n orientada a la gesti\u00f3n integrada del ambiente.<\/p><h3>Capacidades de fabricaci\u00f3n<\/h3><p>La empresa opera en una f\u00e1brica moderna de m\u00e1s de 30.000 metros cuadrados. Sus procesos abarcan dise\u00f1o de producto, desarrollo de ingenier\u00eda, fabricaci\u00f3n de chapa, plegado CNC, producci\u00f3n de paneles aislantes, montaje el\u00e9ctrico, integraci\u00f3n de sistemas, pruebas de equipos e inspecci\u00f3n de calidad. Esta integraci\u00f3n facilita la coordinaci\u00f3n entre la estructura, el aislamiento, el sistema de aire y el cuadro de control.<\/p><p>Antes del env\u00edo, cada sistema pasa por inspecci\u00f3n funcional, verificaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica, pruebas de rendimiento y evaluaci\u00f3n operativa. Lanhu mantiene certificaciones ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001 e ISO 12100, adem\u00e1s de certificados de patentes y credenciales empresariales. Para una ampliaci\u00f3n modular, puede valorar el <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">contenedor inteligente para cultivo de setas<\/a> como alternativa a una sala convencional.<\/p><h3>Capacidades de servicio<\/h3><p>El servicio incluye suministro directo de f\u00e1brica, personalizaci\u00f3n, desarrollo para terceros, asistencia de ingenier\u00eda, log\u00edstica internacional, repuestos, orientaci\u00f3n de instalaci\u00f3n y atenci\u00f3n posventa. El modelo de fabricaci\u00f3n permite preparar soluciones para importadores y distribuidores de Espa\u00f1a, con apoyo durante la selecci\u00f3n del sistema, la documentaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica y la puesta en marcha.<\/p><p>Los proyectos pueden organizarse para recibir mercanc\u00eda a trav\u00e9s de puertos y centros log\u00edsticos como Valencia, Barcelona, Bilbao o Algeciras, dependiendo del destino final y de la planificaci\u00f3n del comprador. Para conocer experiencias y configuraciones aplicadas en otros proyectos, consulte la <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">galer\u00eda de casos de cultivo clim\u00e1tico<\/a>. Si busca una soluci\u00f3n adaptada a una marca, un integrador o una l\u00ednea espec\u00edfica, puede revisar el <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">servicio de personalizaci\u00f3n para fabricantes y distribuidores<\/a>.<\/p><h2>Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 concentraci\u00f3n de CO\u2082 es adecuada para todas las setas?<\/h3><p>No existe un valor \u00fanico para todas las especies y fases. El champi\u00f1\u00f3n, la seta de ostra, el shiitake y otros cultivos responden de manera diferente. La consigna debe definirse mediante la receta de cultivo, la observaci\u00f3n de la morfolog\u00eda, la productividad y la estabilidad de temperatura y humedad. Es recomendable comenzar con valores conservadores y ajustarlos con datos reales de la explotaci\u00f3n.<\/p><h3>\u00bfD\u00f3nde debe instalarse el sensor principal?<\/h3><p>Debe colocarse en una zona representativa de la masa de cultivo, a una altura adecuada y lejos de impulsiones, extracciones, puertas, humidificadores y rincones sin circulaci\u00f3n. En una sala grande, la lectura principal debe complementarse con mediciones en otros racks y niveles.<\/p><h3>\u00bfEs mejor controlar la ventilaci\u00f3n con un horario fijo?<\/h3><p>Un horario fijo puede servir como punto de partida, pero no responde bien a cambios de carga, temperatura exterior o fase productiva. El control basado en CO\u2082 suele adaptarse mejor porque solo incrementa la renovaci\u00f3n cuando la sala realmente lo necesita. Aun as\u00ed, debe existir un caudal m\u00ednimo para evitar aire estancado.<\/p><h3>\u00bfC\u00f3mo se puede conservar la humedad al ventilar?<\/h3><p>Utilice ventiladores modulados, hist\u00e9resis adecuada, circulaci\u00f3n interna y una coordinaci\u00f3n correcta con el humidificador. Evite que el aire fresco incida directamente sobre el cultivo. En invierno, controle la humedad absoluta del aire exterior; en verano, revise la carga de calor y humedad que entra con la renovaci\u00f3n.<\/p><h3>\u00bfCu\u00e1ntos sensores necesita una sala de cultivo?<\/h3><p>Una sala peque\u00f1a puede funcionar con un sensor de control y comprobaciones peri\u00f3dicas mediante un medidor port\u00e1til. Las salas largas, las instalaciones con muchos racks y los contenedores muy cargados deber\u00edan incorporar sensores secundarios o un plan de medici\u00f3n por puntos. La cantidad final depende del tama\u00f1o, la distribuci\u00f3n y la uniformidad del flujo de aire.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 ocurre si el sensor de CO\u2082 falla?<\/h3><p>El controlador debe reconocer la p\u00e9rdida de se\u00f1al, una lectura congelada o un valor fuera de rango. En ese caso, debe activar una estrategia segura, como mantener una ventilaci\u00f3n m\u00ednima o transferir el control a un sensor secundario. El operario debe recibir una alarma y verificar el equipo con un medidor port\u00e1til antes de volver al funcionamiento normal.<\/p><h3>\u00bfC\u00f3mo se comprueba si el CO\u2082 est\u00e1 bien distribuido?<\/h3><p>Realice mediciones en la entrada, el centro y el fondo de los pasillos, adem\u00e1s de los niveles superior, medio e inferior de las estanter\u00edas. Repita la prueba antes, durante y despu\u00e9s de la ventilaci\u00f3n con la carga habitual. Si existe una diferencia persistente, revise difusores, retornos, filtros, compuertas y velocidad de los ventiladores.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 tendencias marcar\u00e1n el control clim\u00e1tico de setas en 2026?<\/h3><p>En 2026 crecer\u00e1 el uso de controladores conectados, an\u00e1lisis de tendencias, mantenimiento predictivo, variadores de frecuencia y sensores redundantes. Las explotaciones buscar\u00e1n reducir el consumo el\u00e9ctrico mediante ventilaci\u00f3n seg\u00fan demanda, recuperaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda y bombas de calor de alta eficiencia. Tambi\u00e9n aumentar\u00e1 la atenci\u00f3n a la sostenibilidad, la trazabilidad de datos, la reducci\u00f3n de desperdicios y el cumplimiento de objetivos ambientales europeos.<\/p><p>La automatizaci\u00f3n no sustituye la observaci\u00f3n del cultivo. Los mejores resultados se obtienen cuando los datos del sensor se comparan con la forma de las setas, la humedad del sustrato, el estado de las estanter\u00edas y el rendimiento de cada lote. Una soluci\u00f3n bien dimensionada, mantenida y documentada puede mejorar la uniformidad, reducir el consumo y facilitar una producci\u00f3n de setas m\u00e1s estable en Espa\u00f1a.<\/p>","pt-title":"Controladores de CO\u2082 para cogumelos em Portugal | Guia","pt-meta":"Controladores de CO\u2082 para cogumelos em Portugal: escolha sensores, ajuste a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o por procura, proteja a humidade e configure alarmes eficazes.","pt-content":"<h2>Resposta r\u00e1pida<\/h2><p>O CO\u2082 produzido pelos cogumelos varia com a esp\u00e9cie, a fase de frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o, a quantidade de substrato e a temperatura da sala. Um controlador de clima para cogumelos deve medir continuamente o di\u00f3xido de carbono e ajustar a entrada de ar fresco, os ventiladores de circula\u00e7\u00e3o e a extra\u00e7\u00e3o sem provocar perdas excessivas de humidade.<\/p><p>Na pr\u00e1tica, a melhor estrat\u00e9gia come\u00e7a com sensores instalados \u00e0 altura das estantes carregadas, afastados de entradas de ar, jatos diretos e zonas de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o. O sistema compara a leitura com o valor definido para a cultura e abre gradualmente as comportas ou aumenta a extra\u00e7\u00e3o. Quando o CO\u2082 regressa \u00e0 faixa desejada, a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o reduz-se para conservar energia e humidade.<\/p><p>Para instala\u00e7\u00f5es em Portugal, a escolha deve considerar o clima local. Salas em Braga, Vila Real ou Guarda podem enfrentar ar exterior frio e seco no inverno, enquanto unidades pr\u00f3ximas de Lisboa, Set\u00fabal, Leix\u00f5es ou Faro podem lidar com per\u00edodos de maior humidade exterior e temperaturas elevadas. Um controlador adequado combina leitura de CO\u2082, temperatura, humidade relativa, press\u00e3o e estado dos ventiladores.<\/p><p>O objetivo n\u00e3o \u00e9 simplesmente \u201cventilar mais\u201d. \u00c9 renovar o ar na quantidade necess\u00e1ria, de forma uniforme e segura, mantendo produtividade, qualidade visual dos cogumelos, efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica e estabilidade do microclima.<\/p><h2>Como a respira\u00e7\u00e3o dos cogumelos altera o CO\u2082<\/h2><p>Os cogumelos e o substrato biologicamente ativo consomem oxig\u00e9nio e libertam di\u00f3xido de carbono atrav\u00e9s da respira\u00e7\u00e3o. Em salas fechadas, o CO\u2082 pode subir rapidamente, sobretudo quando existem muitas caixas, blocos ou sacos de cultivo concentrados numa \u00e1rea pequena. A produ\u00e7\u00e3o aumenta com a massa de substrato, a atividade metab\u00f3lica e determinadas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de temperatura.<\/p><p>Durante a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o, o substrato pode libertar bastante CO\u2082, mas a exig\u00eancia de renova\u00e7\u00e3o do ar depende da esp\u00e9cie e do m\u00e9todo de cultivo. Na frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o, os n\u00edveis de di\u00f3xido de carbono influenciam diretamente a forma, o tamanho e o desenvolvimento dos corpos frut\u00edferos. Em algumas esp\u00e9cies, valores elevados podem produzir p\u00e9s alongados, chap\u00e9us pequenos ou crescimento irregular. Noutras, uma concentra\u00e7\u00e3o moderada pode ser aceit\u00e1vel numa fase inicial, desde que seja reduzida no momento correto.<\/p><p>O controlador deve trabalhar com receitas de cultivo, e n\u00e3o com um \u00fanico valor fixo para todas as salas. Uma sala de Pleurotus pode necessitar de uma resposta diferente de uma sala de Agaricus, shiitake ou Hericium. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio distinguir entre valor-alvo, limite de interven\u00e7\u00e3o, limite de alarme e tempo m\u00ednimo de funcionamento do ventilador.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Fator de produ\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Efeito sobre o CO\u2082<\/th><th>Risco operacional<\/th><th>Resposta recomendada<\/th><th>Indicador a acompanhar<\/th><th>Momento de revis\u00e3o<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Maior quantidade de substrato<\/td><td>Aumenta a respira\u00e7\u00e3o total<\/td><td>Subida r\u00e1pida entre ciclos de ventila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Recalibrar o caudal e os limites<\/td><td>Velocidade de aumento do CO\u2082<\/td><td>Ap\u00f3s cada novo carregamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temperatura elevada<\/td><td>Acelera a atividade metab\u00f3lica<\/td><td>Picos de CO\u2082 e aquecimento local<\/td><td>Reduzir a temperatura e verificar a extra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Temperatura do ar e do substrato<\/td><td>Durante ondas de calor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estantes muito compactas<\/td><td>Dificulta a dispers\u00e3o do ar<\/td><td>Bolsas de CO\u2082 entre n\u00edveis<\/td><td>Melhorar a circula\u00e7\u00e3o e testar v\u00e1rios pontos<\/td><td>Diferen\u00e7a entre sensores<\/td><td>Ap\u00f3s reorganiza\u00e7\u00e3o da sala<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portas abertas frequentemente<\/td><td>Introduz ar exterior de forma imprevis\u00edvel<\/td><td>Oscila\u00e7\u00f5es de humidade e temperatura<\/td><td>Registar acessos e refor\u00e7ar o controlo de press\u00e3o<\/td><td>Humidade relativa e press\u00e3o<\/td><td>Em auditorias semanais<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Filtros obstru\u00eddos<\/td><td>Reduz o ar fresco efetivo<\/td><td>CO\u2082 alto mesmo com ventilador ligado<\/td><td>Limpar ou substituir filtros<\/td><td>Press\u00e3o diferencial<\/td><td>De acordo com horas de opera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Substrato em fase intensa<\/td><td>Liberta mais CO\u2082 por unidade de tempo<\/td><td>O valor ultrapassa o limite antes da pr\u00f3xima leitura<\/td><td>Usar controlo proporcional e amostragem frequente<\/td><td>Taxa de subida em ppm por minuto<\/td><td>No in\u00edcio de cada lote<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Esta tabela mostra por que raz\u00e3o a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o deve ser dimensionada apenas pela \u00e1rea da sala. Duas c\u00e2maras com as mesmas dimens\u00f5es podem exigir caudais diferentes se tiverem cargas distintas, estantes com geometrias diferentes ou substratos em fases metab\u00f3licas diferentes.<\/p><p>Uma boa instala\u00e7\u00e3o regista o CO\u2082 ao longo do dia. Os dados ajudam a identificar o padr\u00e3o respirat\u00f3rio de cada lote: quando surgem os picos, quanto tempo \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio para os remover e qual o impacto da abertura de portas, da rega ou da altera\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura. Essa informa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 especialmente \u00fatil para produtores comerciais no Norte, Centro e Alentejo, onde as condi\u00e7\u00f5es exteriores mudam bastante entre esta\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><h2>Escolher a gama e a localiza\u00e7\u00e3o do sensor<\/h2><p>A gama de medi\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser compat\u00edvel com o processo real. Um sensor destinado apenas a escrit\u00f3rios pode n\u00e3o oferecer a margem necess\u00e1ria para uma sala de cultivo com picos elevados. Para muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais, uma gama de 0 a 5.000 ppm oferece flexibilidade; em ambientes com concentra\u00e7\u00f5es potencialmente superiores, pode ser justific\u00e1vel uma gama mais ampla, desde que a resolu\u00e7\u00e3o e a precis\u00e3o continuem adequadas na zona normal de opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O princ\u00edpio de medi\u00e7\u00e3o mais usado \u00e9 o infravermelho n\u00e3o dispersivo, conhecido pela estabilidade em monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua. A sele\u00e7\u00e3o deve considerar precis\u00e3o, tempo de resposta, compensa\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura e humidade, facilidade de calibra\u00e7\u00e3o, prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra condensa\u00e7\u00e3o e compatibilidade com o controlador.<\/p><p>A localiza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e3o importante como a especifica\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica. O sensor n\u00e3o deve ficar diretamente diante de uma comporta de ar fresco, junto \u00e0 sa\u00edda de extra\u00e7\u00e3o, sobre um humidificador ou encostado a uma parede fria. Esses pontos podem indicar um valor que n\u00e3o representa o ar respirado pelos cogumelos.<\/p><p>Em salas com estantes, recomenda-se instalar o sensor principal numa zona central, \u00e0 altura m\u00e9dia da massa de cultivo. Quando a sala \u00e9 comprida, possui v\u00e1rios corredores ou tem ventila\u00e7\u00e3o desigual, \u00e9 prefer\u00edvel utilizar v\u00e1rios sensores ou um sistema de amostragem sequencial. O controlador pode usar a m\u00e9dia, o valor m\u00e1ximo ou uma l\u00f3gica de seguran\u00e7a baseada no ponto mais alto.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Crit\u00e9rio de sele\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Op\u00e7\u00e3o aconselhada<\/th><th>Por que \u00e9 importante<\/th><th>Erro a evitar<\/th><th>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica<\/th><th>Verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de aceita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Gama de CO\u2082<\/td><td>Compat\u00edvel com os picos previstos<\/td><td>Evita satura\u00e7\u00e3o da leitura<\/td><td>Escolher uma gama demasiado curta<\/td><td>C\u00e2maras de frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Comparar com medidor de refer\u00eancia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Princ\u00edpio de medi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Infravermelho n\u00e3o dispersivo<\/td><td>Permite monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua<\/td><td>Usar equipamento sem compensa\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental<\/td><td>Salas de cultivo intensivo<\/td><td>Confirmar estabilidade durante 24 horas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prote\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental<\/td><td>Caixa adequada a humidade e limpeza<\/td><td>Reduz falhas e corros\u00e3o<\/td><td>Instalar eletr\u00f3nica exposta \u00e0 condensa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>C\u00e2maras de elevada humidade<\/td><td>Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o visual e teste de isolamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tempo de resposta<\/td><td>R\u00e1pido, mas sem oscila\u00e7\u00f5es excessivas<\/td><td>Melhora a rea\u00e7\u00e3o do ventilador<\/td><td>Regular com leituras demasiado lentas<\/td><td>Controlo por procura<\/td><td>Testar subida e descida do valor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calibra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Procedimento simples e documentado<\/td><td>Mant\u00e9m a confian\u00e7a nos dados<\/td><td>Ignorar o desvio ao longo do tempo<\/td><td>Opera\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua<\/td><td>Registo de calibra\u00e7\u00e3o e data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Sa\u00edda compat\u00edvel com o controlador<\/td><td>Evita perda de sinal<\/td><td>Combinar interfaces sem valida\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Instala\u00e7\u00f5es integradas<\/td><td>Confirmar leitura no painel<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Para uma instala\u00e7\u00e3o nova, \u00e9 aconselh\u00e1vel desenhar primeiro o percurso do ar, assinalar entradas, retornos, extra\u00e7\u00f5es, portas, humidificadores e zonas de carga. Depois devem ser escolhidos os pontos de medi\u00e7\u00e3o. Em Portugal, os integradores podem adaptar a solu\u00e7\u00e3o a c\u00e2maras modulares, contentores de cultivo, t\u00faneis de produ\u00e7\u00e3o ou salas constru\u00eddas \u00e0 medida.<\/p><canvas id=\"graficoCO2\" aria-label=\"Tend\u00eancia ilustrativa do CO2 e da ventila\u00e7\u00e3o\"><\/canvas><script>new Chart(document.getElementById('graficoCO2'), {  type: 'line',  data: {    labels: ['00:00', '02:00', '04:00', '06:00', '08:00', '10:00', '12:00', '14:00'],    datasets: [      {        label: 'CO\u2082 medido',        data: [950, 1180, 1460, 1720, 1250, 980, 1320, 1100],        borderColor: '#4a7c59',        backgroundColor: 'rgba(74,124,89,0.15)',        tension: 0.3,        fill: true      },      {        label: 'Limite de controlo',        data: [1400, 1400, 1400, 1400, 1400, 1400, 1400, 1400],        borderColor: '#c0392b',        borderDash: [6, 6],        tension: 0      }    ]  },  options: {    responsive: true,    plugins: {      legend: {        position: 'top'      }    },    scales: {      y: {        beginAtZero: true,        title: {          display: true,          text: 'Partes por milh\u00e3o'        }      }    }  }});<\/script><p>O gr\u00e1fico representa um exemplo de leitura. O valor sobe enquanto a respira\u00e7\u00e3o continua e desce quando o sistema aumenta a renova\u00e7\u00e3o do ar. N\u00e3o deve ser usado como receita universal: os limites precisam de ser definidos de acordo com a esp\u00e9cie, o substrato, a fase do lote e os objetivos de qualidade.<\/p><h2>Controlo do ar fresco por procura<\/h2><p>O controlo por procura utiliza o CO\u2082 como sinal principal para ajustar a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o. Quando o valor medido se aproxima do limite superior, o controlador abre a comporta de ar fresco, aumenta a velocidade do ventilador ou aciona um segundo est\u00e1gio. Quando o CO\u2082 diminui, o sistema reduz o caudal de forma gradual.<\/p><p>Uma l\u00f3gica proporcional \u00e9 normalmente mais est\u00e1vel do que um simples comando ligado\/desligado. Se o valor estiver pouco acima do alvo, o sistema pode trabalhar a baixa velocidade. Se o desvio for maior, o caudal aumenta. Esta abordagem reduz oscila\u00e7\u00f5es, ru\u00eddo, consumo el\u00e9trico e secagem da superf\u00edcie dos cogumelos.<\/p><p>O controlo deve incluir histerese. Sem uma zona de toler\u00e2ncia, o ventilador pode ligar e desligar repetidamente quando a leitura varia ligeiramente junto do limite. Tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o \u00fateis tempos m\u00ednimos de funcionamento, atrasos entre est\u00e1gios e um per\u00edodo de estabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o depois da entrada de ar fresco.<\/p><p>Uma estrat\u00e9gia bem configurada pode combinar CO\u2082 com humidade relativa e temperatura. Por exemplo, se o CO\u2082 estiver alto, mas o ar exterior estiver muito seco, o controlador pode aumentar a velocidade de forma gradual e ativar a humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Se a temperatura exterior estiver muito baixa, pode limitar a abertura da comporta e utilizar recircula\u00e7\u00e3o, desde que a qualidade do ar permane\u00e7a segura.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Estrat\u00e9gia de controlo<\/th><th>Funcionamento<\/th><th>Vantagem<\/th><th>Limita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Quando utilizar<\/th><th>Par\u00e2metro adicional<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ligado\/desligado<\/td><td>Ventilador inicia acima do limite<\/td><td>Simples de instalar<\/td><td>Pode causar oscila\u00e7\u00f5es<\/td><td>Sistemas pequenos<\/td><td>Histerese<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Proporcional<\/td><td>Caudal aumenta conforme o desvio<\/td><td>Maior estabilidade<\/td><td>Exige afina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Salas comerciais<\/td><td>Ganho proporcional<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Por est\u00e1gios<\/td><td>Ativa v\u00e1rios ventiladores progressivamente<\/td><td>Boa adapta\u00e7\u00e3o a diferentes cargas<\/td><td>Precisa de coordena\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica<\/td><td>C\u00e2maras m\u00e9dias e grandes<\/td><td>Atraso entre est\u00e1gios<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Com previs\u00e3o<\/td><td>Considera a tend\u00eancia de subida<\/td><td>Antecipa\u00e7\u00e3o de picos<\/td><td>Requer hist\u00f3rico confi\u00e1vel<\/td><td>Produ\u00e7\u00e3o com lotes regulares<\/td><td>Taxa de varia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Com prioridade de humidade<\/td><td>Limita a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o quando o ar seca<\/td><td>Protege a qualidade do produto<\/td><td>Pode prolongar a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do CO\u2082<\/td><td>Inverno e regi\u00f5es secas<\/td><td>Humidade m\u00ednima<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Com prioridade t\u00e9rmica<\/td><td>Modera o ar exterior extremo<\/td><td>Evita choques de temperatura<\/td><td>Exige capacidade de tratamento<\/td><td>Ver\u00e3o e inverno<\/td><td>Temperatura exterior<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>O dimensionamento deve considerar o caudal real, e n\u00e3o apenas a pot\u00eancia nominal do ventilador. Filtros, grelhas, curvas, condutas longas e diferen\u00e7as de press\u00e3o reduzem o desempenho. O fornecedor ou integrador deve verificar o ponto de funcionamento, a press\u00e3o dispon\u00edvel, o n\u00edvel sonoro e a possibilidade de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Entre os produtos dispon\u00edveis para projetos comerciais encontram-se controladores independentes, pain\u00e9is integrados, unidades modulares e contentores de cultivo com climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o incorporada. Para conhecer uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o dedicada, consulte o <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">controlador inteligente de clima para cogumelos<\/a> e confirme a compatibilidade com sensores, variadores de velocidade e atuadores existentes.<\/p><h2>Coordenar comportas, ventiladores e extra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2><p>A entrada de ar fresco e a extra\u00e7\u00e3o devem funcionar como um conjunto. Abrir uma comporta sem garantir um caminho de sa\u00edda pode criar sobrepress\u00e3o, reduzir o caudal efetivo ou provocar fugas por portas e pain\u00e9is. Ligar a extra\u00e7\u00e3o sem controlar a entrada pode causar depress\u00e3o excessiva, infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o de ar n\u00e3o filtrado e dificuldade em manter a humidade.<\/p><p>Uma configura\u00e7\u00e3o equilibrada inclui normalmente uma comporta motorizada de ar fresco, um ventilador de insufla\u00e7\u00e3o ou extra\u00e7\u00e3o, ventiladores internos de recircula\u00e7\u00e3o e, quando necess\u00e1rio, um sistema de descarga independente. Os ventiladores internos n\u00e3o substituem o ar fresco: servem para distribuir o ar e reduzir diferen\u00e7as de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o entre os n\u00edveis das estantes.<\/p><p>O controlador deve confirmar o estado dos equipamentos atrav\u00e9s de contactos de retorno, sensores de rota\u00e7\u00e3o ou medi\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o. Se o sistema ordenar 70% de velocidade, mas o ventilador n\u00e3o responder, o painel deve registar a falha e ativar uma sequ\u00eancia segura.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o principal<\/th><th>Sinal de controlo<\/th><th>Falha comum<\/th><th>Verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Resultado esperado<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Comporta de ar fresco<\/td><td>Regula a entrada exterior<\/td><td>Sinal proporcional ou abertura por est\u00e1gios<\/td><td>Encravamento ou posi\u00e7\u00e3o incorreta<\/td><td>Teste de curso e limpeza<\/td><td>Caudal est\u00e1vel<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilador de insufla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Introduz ar tratado<\/td><td>Variador de velocidade<\/td><td>Filtro saturado ou correia frouxa<\/td><td>Medi\u00e7\u00e3o de corrente e press\u00e3o<\/td><td>Press\u00e3o adequada na sala<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilador de extra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Remove ar rico em CO\u2082<\/td><td>Comando escalonado<\/td><td>Perda de rota\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Confirma\u00e7\u00e3o de funcionamento<\/td><td>Redu\u00e7\u00e3o consistente do CO\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventiladores de circula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Misturam o ar interno<\/td><td>Funcionamento cont\u00ednuo ou temporizado<\/td><td>Zona sem movimento<\/td><td>Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o por corredor e n\u00edvel<\/td><td>Leitura uniforme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor de press\u00e3o<\/td><td>Controla equil\u00edbrio da sala<\/td><td>Leitura anal\u00f3gica ou digital<\/td><td>Tubos obstru\u00eddos<\/td><td>Compara\u00e7\u00e3o com man\u00f3metro<\/td><td>Press\u00e3o dentro da faixa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Filtro de entrada<\/td><td>Protege a sala de part\u00edculas<\/td><td>Sem comando direto<\/td><td>Obstru\u00e7\u00e3o progressiva<\/td><td>Press\u00e3o diferencial e troca<\/td><td>Ar limpo com caudal suficiente<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Durante a instala\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 importante verificar o sentido de abertura das comportas, a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de seguran\u00e7a em caso de falha el\u00e9trica, o acesso aos filtros e a drenagem de condensados. O quadro el\u00e9trico deve estar identificado, protegido e documentado, com circuitos separados para controlo, pot\u00eancia, alarmes e equipamentos auxiliares.<\/p><p>Em projetos perto do Porto ou de Lisboa, a log\u00edstica de pe\u00e7as e a disponibilidade de assist\u00eancia podem influenciar a escolha de componentes. Equipamentos normalizados, documenta\u00e7\u00e3o clara e pe\u00e7as de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o acess\u00edveis reduzem o tempo de paragem. Em instala\u00e7\u00f5es no interior, conv\u00e9m manter sensores, atuadores, fus\u00edveis e filtros cr\u00edticos em stock.<\/p><h2>Manter a humidade durante a renova\u00e7\u00e3o do ar<\/h2><p>A renova\u00e7\u00e3o do ar reduz o CO\u2082, mas tamb\u00e9m pode remover vapor de \u00e1gua. O risco \u00e9 maior quando o ar exterior est\u00e1 frio e seco. Ao entrar na sala, esse ar pode ser aquecido, reduzindo a humidade relativa e aumentando a evapora\u00e7\u00e3o da superf\u00edcie dos cogumelos. Uma ventila\u00e7\u00e3o mal ajustada pode causar fissuras, perda de peso, chap\u00e9us secos e varia\u00e7\u00f5es de qualidade.<\/p><p>O controlador deve observar simultaneamente CO\u2082, humidade relativa e temperatura. A humidade relativa isolada pode induzir em erro, porque o mesmo valor percentual representa quantidades diferentes de vapor a temperaturas distintas. Por isso, algumas instala\u00e7\u00f5es acompanham tamb\u00e9m o ponto de orvalho ou a humidade absoluta.<\/p><p>Para preservar a humidade, podem ser usadas v\u00e1rias medidas: pr\u00e9-tratamento do ar exterior, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o de alta press\u00e3o, permutadores de calor, recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, redu\u00e7\u00e3o gradual do caudal e recircula\u00e7\u00e3o controlada. A \u00e1gua deve ser de qualidade adequada, e os bicos, filtros e reservat\u00f3rios precisam de limpeza para evitar contamina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>A velocidade do ar junto ao produto tamb\u00e9m importa. Mesmo com humidade relativa correta, um jato direto pode aumentar a evapora\u00e7\u00e3o. A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o deve favorecer mistura uniforme, evitando correntes concentradas sobre os blocos ou caixas.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Condi\u00e7\u00e3o exterior<\/th><th>Efeito prov\u00e1vel na sala<\/th><th>Risco para o cultivo<\/th><th>Medida de controlo<\/th><th>Equipamento \u00fatil<\/th><th>Indicador de sucesso<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ar frio e seco<\/td><td>Descida r\u00e1pida da humidade relativa<\/td><td>Superf\u00edcie ressequida<\/td><td>Pr\u00e9-aquecer e humidificar<\/td><td>Permutador e humidificador<\/td><td>Humidade est\u00e1vel ap\u00f3s a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ar quente e h\u00famido<\/td><td>Aumento de carga t\u00e9rmica<\/td><td>Condensa\u00e7\u00e3o e doen\u00e7as<\/td><td>Desumidificar e controlar temperatura<\/td><td>Bomba de calor ou desumidificador<\/td><td>Aus\u00eancia de gotas persistentes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chuva prolongada<\/td><td>Humidade exterior elevada<\/td><td>Superf\u00edcies molhadas<\/td><td>Limitar humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o adicional<\/td><td>Sonda exterior<\/td><td>Menos condensa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vento forte<\/td><td>Varia\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00e3o na entrada<\/td><td>Caudal inst\u00e1vel<\/td><td>Regular comportas e press\u00e3o<\/td><td>Sensor de press\u00e3o<\/td><td>Caudal uniforme<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temperatura exterior vari\u00e1vel<\/td><td>Resposta irregular do tratamento<\/td><td>Choque t\u00e9rmico<\/td><td>Usar limites de seguran\u00e7a<\/td><td>Sensor exterior<\/td><td>Temperatura gradual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Per\u00edodo seco no interior<\/td><td>Maior necessidade de humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Perda de massa do produto<\/td><td>Reduzir caudal m\u00ednimo sem ultrapassar CO\u2082<\/td><td>Controlo combinado<\/td><td>Rendimento e apar\u00eancia consistentes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Em Portugal, o programa de controlo deve ser sazonal. No ver\u00e3o, a preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser a carga t\u00e9rmica e a condensa\u00e7\u00e3o; no inverno, a entrada de ar frio e seco. Uma receita fixa durante todo o ano raramente oferece o melhor equil\u00edbrio entre ventila\u00e7\u00e3o, qualidade e energia.<\/p><h2>Defini\u00e7\u00f5es de alarme e modos de falha do sensor<\/h2><p>Os alarmes devem ser \u00fateis para a opera\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o apenas gerar notifica\u00e7\u00f5es. Um alarme de CO\u2082 alto deve indicar a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o, a dura\u00e7\u00e3o do evento, a sala afetada e o estado dos ventiladores. Alarmes repetidos sem a\u00e7\u00e3o clara podem ser ignorados pela equipa.<\/p><p>\u00c9 recomend\u00e1vel separar alarmes de aviso, a\u00e7\u00e3o e emerg\u00eancia. Um aviso informa que o valor est\u00e1 a aproximar-se do limite. Um alarme de a\u00e7\u00e3o confirma que o limite foi ultrapassado durante um per\u00edodo definido. Uma emerg\u00eancia pode iniciar ventila\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1xima, parar equipamentos incompat\u00edveis com a condi\u00e7\u00e3o ou solicitar evacua\u00e7\u00e3o, conforme a avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de risco da instala\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>O sistema deve detetar sensor desligado, leitura congelada, valor fora da gama, comunica\u00e7\u00e3o interrompida e desvio improv\u00e1vel. Se o sensor principal falhar, o controlador pode utilizar um sensor secund\u00e1rio, aplicar um caudal m\u00ednimo seguro ou colocar a sala num modo manual supervisionado.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Evento<\/th><th>Ind\u00edcio<\/th><th>Resposta autom\u00e1tica<\/th><th>A\u00e7\u00e3o do operador<\/th><th>Registo necess\u00e1rio<\/th><th>Prioridade<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082 acima do limite<\/td><td>Valor elevado durante o per\u00edodo definido<\/td><td>Aumentar renova\u00e7\u00e3o do ar<\/td><td>Confirmar ventiladores e portas<\/td><td>Valor, hora e dura\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor sem comunica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Perda de sinal<\/td><td>Usar modo de seguran\u00e7a<\/td><td>Verificar cablagem e alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>C\u00f3digo de falha<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leitura congelada<\/td><td>Valor igual por tempo anormal<\/td><td>Comparar com sensor alternativo<\/td><td>Inspecionar e recalibrar<\/td><td>Hist\u00f3rico de leituras<\/td><td>M\u00e9dia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Humidade demasiado baixa<\/td><td>Descida cont\u00ednua ap\u00f3s ventila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Limitar caudal e ativar humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Confirmar \u00e1gua e bicos<\/td><td>Humidade e temperatura<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilador sem retorno<\/td><td>Comando ligado sem rota\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Acionar equipamento redundante<\/td><td>Verificar motor e variador<\/td><td>Estado el\u00e9trico<\/td><td>Alta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Press\u00e3o fora da faixa<\/td><td>Depress\u00e3o ou sobrepress\u00e3o<\/td><td>Moderar comportas<\/td><td>Inspecionar filtros e portas<\/td><td>Press\u00e3o diferencial<\/td><td>M\u00e9dia<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Os limites devem ser validados com a equipa de produ\u00e7\u00e3o. O operador precisa de saber quem recebe o alarme, em quanto tempo deve responder e qual \u00e9 o procedimento de confirma\u00e7\u00e3o. Em unidades com v\u00e1rias salas, um painel central facilita a compara\u00e7\u00e3o, mas cada c\u00e2mara deve manter a sua identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e hist\u00f3rico pr\u00f3prio.<\/p><h2>Verificar o CO\u2082 entre estantes carregadas<\/h2><p>Uma \u00fanica leitura na parede pode esconder diferen\u00e7as relevantes. O CO\u2082 \u00e9 afetado pelo movimento do ar, pela posi\u00e7\u00e3o das estantes, pelas paredes frias e pelo caminho entre insufla\u00e7\u00e3o e extra\u00e7\u00e3o. Para validar uma sala, utilize um medidor port\u00e1til de refer\u00eancia e percorra os corredores com o sistema em condi\u00e7\u00f5es normais.<\/p><p>As medi\u00e7\u00f5es devem ser feitas a diferentes alturas: perto do n\u00edvel inferior, no centro da carga e junto ao n\u00edvel superior. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 \u00fatil medir perto da entrada de ar, no lado oposto da sala e pr\u00f3ximo da extra\u00e7\u00e3o. Registe hora, temperatura, humidade, estado dos ventiladores e fase do lote.<\/p><p>Se a diferen\u00e7a entre pontos for grande, aumentar simplesmente a extra\u00e7\u00e3o pode n\u00e3o resolver o problema. Pode ser necess\u00e1rio reposicionar difusores, ajustar defletores, instalar ventiladores de circula\u00e7\u00e3o, aumentar o retorno ou reduzir obst\u00e1culos entre estantes.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Ponto de medi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Objetivo<\/th><th>Problema identificado<\/th><th>Frequ\u00eancia recomendada<\/th><th>Crit\u00e9rio de compara\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>A\u00e7\u00e3o poss\u00edvel<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Estante inferior<\/td><td>Detetar acumula\u00e7\u00e3o junto ao ch\u00e3o<\/td><td>Ar parado ou retorno insuficiente<\/td><td>Semanalmente<\/td><td>Comparar com o centro da sala<\/td><td>Melhorar circula\u00e7\u00e3o inferior<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estante central<\/td><td>Representar a carga principal<\/td><td>Leitura m\u00e9dia incorreta<\/td><td>Diariamente em valida\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Sensor fixo principal<\/td><td>Rever localiza\u00e7\u00e3o do sensor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estante superior<\/td><td>Verificar estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de ar quente<\/td><td>Semanalmente<\/td><td>Comparar com o n\u00edvel inferior<\/td><td>Ajustar insufla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00f3ximo da entrada<\/td><td>Confirmar efeito do ar fresco<\/td><td>Leitura artificialmente baixa<\/td><td>Durante testes<\/td><td>Ponto central<\/td><td>Afastar sensor da corrente direta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lado oposto \u00e0 entrada<\/td><td>Avaliar alcance do caudal<\/td><td>Zona morta<\/td><td>Durante cada altera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Diferen\u00e7a m\u00e1xima aceit\u00e1vel<\/td><td>Adicionar distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de ar<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00f3ximo da extra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Confirmar remo\u00e7\u00e3o do CO\u2082<\/td><td>Extra\u00e7\u00e3o localizada<\/td><td>Durante a valida\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Pontos de cultivo<\/td><td>N\u00e3o usar como \u00fanico ponto de controlo<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Esta verifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 essencial antes de aceitar uma instala\u00e7\u00e3o. A sala deve ser testada vazia e carregada, porque as caixas ou blocos alteram o caminho do ar. Deve tamb\u00e9m ser testada com diferentes velocidades de ventila\u00e7\u00e3o. O resultado pode revelar que um sistema aparentemente potente n\u00e3o distribui o ar de forma uniforme.<\/p><p>Entre os diferentes formatos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, os <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">contentores inteligentes para cultivo de cogumelos<\/a> oferecem uma estrutura mais compacta e repet\u00edvel. Isso simplifica a instala\u00e7\u00e3o de sensores e a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de receitas, embora a valida\u00e7\u00e3o entre n\u00edveis continue a ser necess\u00e1ria.<\/p><h2>A nossa empresa<\/h2><p>A Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. desenvolve solu\u00e7\u00f5es para controlo clim\u00e1tico agr\u00edcola, sistemas de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o industrial e m\u00f3dulos de cultivo. A empresa est\u00e1 sediada em Dezhou, na prov\u00edncia de Shandong, China, e trabalha com produtores, distribuidores, empreiteiros agr\u00edcolas e empresas de engenharia em diferentes mercados internacionais, incluindo projetos destinados \u00e0 Europa.<\/p><p>A capacidade tecnol\u00f3gica inclui investiga\u00e7\u00e3o termodin\u00e2mica, desenvolvimento de controladores, integra\u00e7\u00e3o de sensores, conce\u00e7\u00e3o de circuitos de ventila\u00e7\u00e3o e adapta\u00e7\u00e3o de equipamentos a diferentes culturas. Com mais de 12 anos de experi\u00eancia em investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e desenvolvimento e mais de 45 patentes registadas, a empresa pode apoiar projetos que exigem coordena\u00e7\u00e3o entre temperatura, humidade, CO\u2082, press\u00e3o e circula\u00e7\u00e3o de ar.<\/p><p>Na \u00e1rea de fabrico, a unidade industrial tem mais de 30.000 metros quadrados e integra desenho de produto, engenharia, corte e conforma\u00e7\u00e3o de chapa, quinagem CNC, produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pain\u00e9is isolantes, montagem el\u00e9trica, integra\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas, ensaios funcionais e inspe\u00e7\u00e3o de qualidade. Esta integra\u00e7\u00e3o permite controlar melhor a compatibilidade entre estrutura, isolamento, ventila\u00e7\u00e3o e automa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Antes do envio, os sistemas podem passar por verifica\u00e7\u00e3o funcional, valida\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, testes de desempenho e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o operacional. A empresa mant\u00e9m certifica\u00e7\u00f5es ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001 e ISO 12100, al\u00e9m de certificados de patentes e credenciais empresariais. Para compradores em Portugal, \u00e9 importante solicitar documenta\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica, diagramas el\u00e9tricos, listas de componentes, condi\u00e7\u00f5es de garantia e instru\u00e7\u00f5es de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Os servi\u00e7os incluem fornecimento direto de f\u00e1brica, personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o OEM e ODM, apoio de engenharia, log\u00edstica internacional, pe\u00e7as sobressalentes, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o de instala\u00e7\u00e3o e assist\u00eancia p\u00f3s-venda. A solu\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser adaptada a uma c\u00e2mara isolada, a uma linha de salas, a um m\u00f3dulo transport\u00e1vel ou a um projeto integrado com bomba de calor.<\/p><p>Para avaliar uma colabora\u00e7\u00e3o, consulte o <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">servi\u00e7o de personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o OEM e ODM<\/a>, envie a \u00e1rea das salas, a quantidade de substrato, a esp\u00e9cie cultivada, a faixa de temperatura, a humidade pretendida e os valores de CO\u2082. Fotografias, plantas e dados clim\u00e1ticos locais ajudam a preparar uma proposta mais precisa.<\/p><p>Em projetos portugueses, a an\u00e1lise deve incluir transporte at\u00e9 portos como Leix\u00f5es ou Sines, entrega final, instala\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, requisitos de seguran\u00e7a, forma\u00e7\u00e3o do operador e disponibilidade de assist\u00eancia. Tamb\u00e9m vale a pena rever experi\u00eancias e refer\u00eancias no <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">portef\u00f3lio de projetos de cultivo<\/a>, comparando a escala e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de cada aplica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><h2>Perguntas frequentes<\/h2><h3>Qual \u00e9 o valor ideal de CO\u2082 para uma sala de cogumelos?<\/h3><p>N\u00e3o existe um valor universal. A meta depende da esp\u00e9cie, da fase de cultivo, do substrato e do resultado pretendido. O produtor deve definir uma faixa com base em ensaios, recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es agron\u00f3micas e observa\u00e7\u00e3o da qualidade dos corpos frut\u00edferos. O controlador deve permitir diferentes receitas para coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o, frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o e transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre fases.<\/p><h3>\u00c9 suficiente instalar um sensor por sala?<\/h3><p>Em salas pequenas e bem misturadas, um sensor central pode ser suficiente. Em salas compridas, com muitas estantes ou com distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de ar complexa, \u00e9 melhor utilizar v\u00e1rios pontos de medi\u00e7\u00e3o. Mesmo quando existe apenas um sensor permanente, deve ser feita uma verifica\u00e7\u00e3o peri\u00f3dica com equipamento port\u00e1til em diferentes n\u00edveis.<\/p><h3>O sensor deve ficar perto da extra\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/h3><p>N\u00e3o como regra geral. Perto da extra\u00e7\u00e3o, o ar pode apresentar uma concentra\u00e7\u00e3o diferente da zona onde est\u00e3o os cogumelos. O sensor principal deve representar a carga de cultivo, n\u00e3o apenas o ar que est\u00e1 a sair. A zona de extra\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser usada para diagn\u00f3stico e compara\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><h3>Como evitar que a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o reduza demasiado a humidade?<\/h3><p>Use controlo proporcional, histerese, recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, pr\u00e9-tratamento do ar exterior e humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o adequada. Evite ligar a ventila\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 velocidade m\u00e1xima sempre que o CO\u2082 ultrapassa ligeiramente o limite. Verifique tamb\u00e9m se os jatos de ar est\u00e3o direcionados diretamente para os blocos ou caixas.<\/p><h3>Que manuten\u00e7\u00e3o requer um sistema de CO\u2082?<\/h3><p>\u00c9 necess\u00e1rio limpar e substituir filtros, verificar cabos e conectores, confirmar o funcionamento dos ventiladores, testar comportas, inspecionar condensa\u00e7\u00e3o e calibrar os sensores de acordo com as instru\u00e7\u00f5es do fabricante. O hist\u00f3rico de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o deve indicar data, t\u00e9cnico, leitura de refer\u00eancia e a\u00e7\u00e3o realizada.<\/p><h3>Como dimensionar um controlador para uma explora\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal?<\/h3><p>Comece pela carga de substrato, n\u00famero de salas, esp\u00e9cie, fases de cultivo, caudal necess\u00e1rio, condi\u00e7\u00f5es exteriores e n\u00edvel de automa\u00e7\u00e3o desejado. Depois avalie entradas e sa\u00eddas do controlador, compatibilidade com sensores, alarmes, comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, assist\u00eancia e pe\u00e7as. A solu\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser dimensionada para o pico de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o apenas para a opera\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dia.<\/p><h3>Quais s\u00e3o as principais tend\u00eancias para 2026?<\/h3><p>Em 2026, espera-se maior utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de sensores distribu\u00eddos, an\u00e1lise de tend\u00eancias, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o preditiva e algoritmos que ajustam o caudal com base na velocidade de subida do CO\u2082. A integra\u00e7\u00e3o com bombas de calor, recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia e sistemas fotovoltaicos dever\u00e1 ganhar import\u00e2ncia devido ao custo energ\u00e9tico e \u00e0s metas de sustentabilidade.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m se prev\u00ea maior aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 rastreabilidade ambiental. Os produtores poder\u00e3o comparar consumo de energia, \u00e1gua, ventila\u00e7\u00e3o e rendimento por lote. Na Uni\u00e3o Europeia, requisitos de efici\u00eancia, seguran\u00e7a el\u00e9trica, documenta\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica e gest\u00e3o de res\u00edduos continuar\u00e3o a influenciar a compra de equipamentos. A escolha de sistemas repar\u00e1veis, com pe\u00e7as dispon\u00edveis e menor consumo, ser\u00e1 relevante para projetos pr\u00f3ximos de Lisboa, Porto, Aveiro, Braga e outros polos agroindustriais.<\/p><h3>Os contentores de cultivo s\u00e3o adequados para produtores portugueses?<\/h3><p>Podem ser adequados quando o produtor necessita de instala\u00e7\u00e3o r\u00e1pida, expans\u00e3o modular ou controlo independente por lote. S\u00e3o \u00fateis para testes de mercado, produ\u00e7\u00e3o descentralizada e projetos com espa\u00e7o limitado. A decis\u00e3o deve considerar isolamento, capacidade el\u00e9trica, log\u00edstica, prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra corros\u00e3o, assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica e possibilidade de adaptar o equipamento \u00e0s condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas locais.<\/p><h3>Uma bomba de calor pode trabalhar com o controlo de CO\u2082?<\/h3><p>Sim. A bomba de calor pode tratar temperatura e, em determinados projetos, contribuir para desumidifica\u00e7\u00e3o ou recupera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica. No entanto, n\u00e3o substitui a renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar necess\u00e1ria para remover CO\u2082. O sistema de gest\u00e3o deve coordenar a bomba de calor, ventiladores, comportas, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o e alarmes para evitar que uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o prejudique outra.<\/p><h3>Como comparar fornecedores locais e internacionais?<\/h3><p>Compare a capacidade de engenharia, documenta\u00e7\u00e3o, ensaios antes do envio, disponibilidade de pe\u00e7as, garantia, apoio de instala\u00e7\u00e3o, compatibilidade el\u00e9trica e experi\u00eancia em salas de cultivo. Um fornecedor local pode facilitar visitas e assist\u00eancia imediata; um fabricante internacional pode oferecer maior capacidade de personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e produ\u00e7\u00e3o integrada. O melhor resultado vem de uma especifica\u00e7\u00e3o clara e de responsabilidades bem definidas.<\/p><p>Para uma decis\u00e3o segura, prepare uma lista com dimens\u00f5es da sala, isolamento, carga de substrato, tipo de estantes, metas de temperatura e humidade, faixa de CO\u2082, condi\u00e7\u00f5es exteriores, alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, necessidade de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia e requisitos de alarme. Com estes dados, o projeto pode ser validado tecnicamente antes da compra e reduz-se o risco de instalar um sistema sobredimensionado, inst\u00e1vel ou dif\u00edcil de manter.<\/p>","de-title":"Pilzzucht: CO\u2082-Steuerung und L\u00fcftung in Deutschland","de-meta":"Praxisleitfaden zur CO\u2082-Steuerung f\u00fcr die Pilzzucht in Deutschland: Sensoren, Frischluft, Feuchte, Alarmwerte und L\u00fcfter f\u00fcr stabile Ertr\u00e4ge.","de-content":"<h2>Kurzantwort<\/h2><p>Eine pr\u00e4zise CO\u2082-Steuerung ist f\u00fcr eine wirtschaftliche Pilzzucht in Deutschland entscheidend. Pilze geben w\u00e4hrend ihres Wachstums kontinuierlich Kohlendioxid ab. Steigt die Konzentration im Kulturraum zu stark, k\u00f6nnen Fruchtk\u00f6rper verl\u00e4ngerte Stiele, kleinere H\u00fcte, ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfige F\u00e4rbung und geringere Handelsqualit\u00e4t entwickeln. Sinkt der Wert durch zu intensive Au\u00dfenluftzufuhr dagegen zu schnell, entstehen h\u00f6here Energiekosten, Feuchteverluste und Zugluftprobleme.<\/p><p>Ein moderner Pilzklimaregler verbindet CO\u2082-Sensoren, Au\u00dfenluftklappen, Umluftventilatoren, Abluftventilatoren, Befeuchter und gegebenenfalls Heiz- oder K\u00fchlsysteme zu einer abgestimmten Regelung. F\u00fcr Betriebe in Deutschland bedeutet dies: bedarfsgerechte Frischluft statt dauerhaft hoher L\u00fcfterleistung, stabilere Feuchte, nachvollziehbare Alarmmeldungen und bessere Vergleichbarkeit zwischen einzelnen Kulturr\u00e4umen.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Austernpilze, Champignons, Kr\u00e4uterseitlinge, Shiitake und weitere Kulturarten m\u00fcssen Sollwerte immer an Art, Entwicklungsphase, Substratmenge, Rack-Belegung, Raumvolumen und regionale Au\u00dfenluftbedingungen angepasst werden. Besonders in Regionen mit kalten Wintern wie Bayern, Sachsen oder Schleswig-Holstein muss die Luftwechselrate mit W\u00e4rme- und Feuchter\u00fcckgewinnung wirtschaftlich geplant werden.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Pilzphase<\/th><th>Typische CO\u2082-Anforderung<\/th><th>L\u00fcftungsziel<\/th><th>Wichtigster Kontrollpunkt<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Substratdurchwachsung<\/td><td>Erh\u00f6hte Werte oft zul\u00e4ssig<\/td><td>W\u00e4rme und Stoffwechselgase kontrollieren<\/td><td>Substrattemperatur<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Einleitungsphase<\/td><td>Schrittweise absenken<\/td><td>Gleichm\u00e4\u00dfiger Luftaustausch<\/td><td>Keine Zugluft an Bl\u00f6cken<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Primordienbildung<\/td><td>Niedrige bis mittlere Werte<\/td><td>Frischluft gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig verteilen<\/td><td>Feuchte und Oberfl\u00e4chenkondensat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fruchtk\u00f6rperbildung<\/td><td>Artspezifisch stabil halten<\/td><td>CO\u2082-Spitzen vermeiden<\/td><td>Sensorwert an Rack-H\u00f6he<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Erntephase<\/td><td>Konstante Qualit\u00e4t sichern<\/td><td>Belastung durch Personal ausgleichen<\/td><td>T\u00fcr\u00f6ffnungen und Luftstrom<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leerraum und Reinigung<\/td><td>Nicht produktionsrelevant<\/td><td>Ger\u00fcche, Restfeuchte und Aerosole abf\u00fchren<\/td><td>Reinigungs- und Trocknungsmodus<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle zeigt, warum ein einzelner fester L\u00fcfterwert selten ausreicht. Ein CO\u2082-Regler sollte verschiedene Betriebsarten abbilden und die Bel\u00fcftung nach realer Belastung anpassen.<\/p><h2>Wie die Pilzatmung den CO\u2082-Wert ver\u00e4ndert<\/h2><p>Pilzmyzel und Fruchtk\u00f6rper betreiben keine Photosynthese. Sie veratmen organische Substanz im Substrat, verbrauchen Sauerstoff und setzen dabei Kohlendioxid, W\u00e4rme und Wasserdampf frei. Je aktiver die Kultur w\u00e4chst, desto schneller kann die CO\u2082-Konzentration im Raum steigen. Bei voll belegten Regalsystemen ist dieser Effekt deutlich st\u00e4rker als bei wenigen Kulturbl\u00f6cken in einem gro\u00dfen Raum.<\/p><p>Die CO\u2082-Last ver\u00e4ndert sich nicht nur zwischen verschiedenen Pilzarten, sondern auch im Tagesverlauf. Nach Bew\u00e4sserung, Temperatur\u00e4nderungen, der Einleitung der Fruchtung oder bei dicht belegten Racks kann die mikrobielle und myzeliale Aktivit\u00e4t zunehmen. Zus\u00e4tzlich erh\u00f6hen Mitarbeitende bei Ernte, Sortierung und Kontrolle kurzfristig die Messwerte. Deshalb sollte die Auslegung nicht nur auf einer Momentaufnahme beruhen.<\/p><p>In deutschen Produktionsbetrieben sind besonders saisonale Unterschiede relevant. Im Winter ist kalte Au\u00dfenluft oft sehr trocken. Im Sommer kann feuchtwarme Au\u00dfenluft in Nordrhein-Westfalen, am Niederrhein oder im Raum Hamburg die Entfeuchtung belasten. Ein guter Regler trennt daher die Aufgabe \u201eCO\u2082 abf\u00fchren\u201c von der Aufgabe \u201eTemperatur und relative Feuchte stabil halten\u201c.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Einflussgr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/th><th>Wirkung auf CO\u2082<\/th><th>Betriebliche Folge<\/th><th>Empfohlene Reaktion<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>H\u00f6here Substratmenge<\/td><td>St\u00e4rkerer CO\u2082-Anstieg<\/td><td>Spitzen bei Vollbelegung<\/td><td>Mehrstufige L\u00fcftung aktivieren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Verdichtete Racks<\/td><td>Lokale CO\u2082-Nester<\/td><td>Ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Fruchtk\u00f6rper<\/td><td>Luftverteilung pr\u00fcfen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Geschlossene T\u00fcren<\/td><td>Weniger nat\u00fcrlicher Austausch<\/td><td>Schnellerer Anstieg<\/td><td>Automatischen Luftwechsel nutzen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Erntepersonal im Raum<\/td><td>Kurzfristige Zusatzlast<\/td><td>Messwertspr\u00fcnge<\/td><td>Verz\u00f6gerungszeit definieren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hohe Au\u00dfentemperatur<\/td><td>Indirekte Belastung durch K\u00fchlung<\/td><td>L\u00fcftung nicht beliebig erh\u00f6hen<\/td><td>R\u00fcckluft und K\u00fchlung koordinieren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kalte trockene Au\u00dfenluft<\/td><td>CO\u2082-Abfuhr bei Feuchteverlust<\/td><td>Austrocknungsrisiko<\/td><td>Befeuchtung nachf\u00fchren<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Diese Zusammenh\u00e4nge erkl\u00e4ren, weshalb die Auswahl eines Reglers immer mit einer Bestandsaufnahme beginnen sollte: Wie viele Kilogramm Substrat stehen im Raum, wie hoch sind die Racks, wie oft werden T\u00fcren ge\u00f6ffnet und welche Au\u00dfentemperaturen treten am Standort auf?<\/p><h2>Sensorbereich und Montageplatz richtig w\u00e4hlen<\/h2><p>Der Sensor ist die Entscheidungsgrundlage des gesamten Systems. F\u00fcr kommerzielle Pilzkulturen sollte ein CO\u2082-Sensor einen Messbereich besitzen, der zur Kulturart und zum Prozess passt. Ein zu niedrig ausgelegter Messbereich kann bei erh\u00f6hten Konzentrationen in der Durchwachsungsphase an seine Grenze gelangen. Ein \u00fcberm\u00e4\u00dfig gro\u00dfer Bereich kann hingegen die Aufl\u00f6sung im relevanten Arbeitsfenster verschlechtern.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Fruchtungsr\u00e4ume ist ein pr\u00e4ziser Sensor mit geeigneter Messaufl\u00f6sung und langfristiger Stabilit\u00e4t wichtiger als ein rein g\u00fcnstiges Ger\u00e4t. Sinnvoll sind Ger\u00e4te mit automatischer Diagnose, dokumentierbarer Kalibrierung, Alarmfunktion und Einbindung in die Klimaautomatisierung. Bei mehreren R\u00e4umen sollte jeder Raum mindestens einen eigenen Sensor erhalten. In langen R\u00e4umen oder bei hohen Regalsystemen sind zus\u00e4tzliche Kontrollsensoren sinnvoll.<\/p><p>Der Montageort darf weder direkt im Zuluftstrahl noch unmittelbar vor der Abluft\u00f6ffnung liegen. Ebenso ungeeignet sind Positionen nahe T\u00fcr\u00f6ffnungen, Befeuchterd\u00fcsen oder Heizregistern. Der Sensor sollte die Luft repr\u00e4sentativ erfassen, die von den Fruchtk\u00f6rpern umgeben ist. Bei mehrst\u00f6ckigen Racks ist eine Messung in mittlerer H\u00f6he ein guter Ausgangspunkt, erg\u00e4nzt durch Vergleichsmessungen an oberen und unteren Ebenen.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Montageort<\/th><th>Bewertung<\/th><th>Typisches Risiko<\/th><th>Empfehlung<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Raummitte auf Kulturh\u00f6he<\/td><td>Sehr geeignet<\/td><td>Mechanische Besch\u00e4digung<\/td><td>Mit Schutzgeh\u00e4use montieren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Direkt an der Zuluft\u00f6ffnung<\/td><td>Ungeeignet<\/td><td>Zu niedrige Messwerte<\/td><td>Abstand zum Luftstrahl halten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Direkt an der Abluft\u00f6ffnung<\/td><td>Ungeeignet<\/td><td>Unrepr\u00e4sentative Absaugwerte<\/td><td>Sensor weiter innen platzieren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oberhalb hoher Racks<\/td><td>Teilweise geeignet<\/td><td>Schichtung wird \u00fcbersch\u00e4tzt<\/td><td>Mit mittlerer Ebene vergleichen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unter dem untersten Regalboden<\/td><td>Nur erg\u00e4nzend geeignet<\/td><td>Stauw\u00e4rme und Feuchte<\/td><td>Als Kontrollmesspunkt verwenden<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nahe der Zugangst\u00fcr<\/td><td>Ungeeignet<\/td><td>Messwert durch T\u00fcr\u00f6ffnung verf\u00e4lscht<\/td><td>Mindestens einige Meter Abstand halten<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle verdeutlicht: Die Messgenauigkeit eines hochwertigen Sensors n\u00fctzt wenig, wenn der Einbauort falsche Raumverh\u00e4ltnisse abbildet. Vor der endg\u00fcltigen Installation lohnt sich eine mobile Vergleichsmessung an mehreren Positionen \u00fcber mindestens einen kompletten Produktionszyklus.<\/p><h2>Bedarfsgerechte Frischluftregelung<\/h2><p>Bei der bedarfsgerechten Frischluftregelung wird die L\u00fcftungsleistung nicht dauerhaft auf einem festen Niveau betrieben. Stattdessen vergleicht der Regler den gemessenen CO\u2082-Wert mit einem Sollwert und einer definierten Schalthysterese. Steigt die Konzentration \u00fcber den oberen Grenzwert, \u00f6ffnet die Au\u00dfenluftklappe stufenweise oder der Zuluftventilator erh\u00f6ht seine Drehzahl. Sinkt der Wert wieder ausreichend, reduziert das System die Luftmenge.<\/p><p>Diese Methode spart Energie, weil kalte oder warme Au\u00dfenluft nur dann eingebracht wird, wenn sie f\u00fcr die Gasabfuhr erforderlich ist. In Deutschland ist dies besonders relevant, da Heizkosten im Winter und K\u00fchlkosten im Sommer erheblichen Einfluss auf die Produktionskosten haben. Betriebe im Umfeld von Berlin, Leipzig, K\u00f6ln, Hannover oder M\u00fcnchen profitieren von einer Regelung, die regionale Wetterbedingungen ber\u00fccksichtigt.<\/p><p>Ein sinnvoller Regler arbeitet mit Mindestluftmenge, Regelbereich, H\u00f6chstluftmenge und Zeitverz\u00f6gerung. Die Mindestluftmenge verhindert stehende Luft und unterst\u00fctzt eine gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Raumdurchmischung. Der Regelbereich verhindert h\u00e4ufiges Ein- und Ausschalten. Die H\u00f6chstluftmenge begrenzt Zugluft und sch\u00fctzt die Feuchtebilanz. Zeitverz\u00f6gerungen verhindern, dass kurze T\u00fcr\u00f6ffnungen sofort eine starke L\u00fcftungsreaktion ausl\u00f6sen.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr variable Produktionspl\u00e4ne k\u00f6nnen Rezeptprogramme genutzt werden. Ein Rezept enth\u00e4lt CO\u2082-Sollwert, Temperatur, Feuchte, Lichtzeit, L\u00fcftungsgrenzen und Alarmwerte f\u00fcr jede Entwicklungsphase. Dadurch lassen sich wiederkehrende Kulturen standardisieren, w\u00e4hrend Fachkr\u00e4fte weiterhin Anpassungen f\u00fcr Sorte, Substratlieferant oder Jahreszeit vornehmen k\u00f6nnen.<\/p><h2>Klappen, Ventilatoren und Abluft abstimmen<\/h2><p>Eine wirksame CO\u2082-Regelung braucht mehr als einen Sensor und einen Ventilator. Au\u00dfenluftklappen, Zuluftventilatoren, Umluftger\u00e4te und Abluftventilatoren m\u00fcssen hydraulisch und elektrisch zusammenarbeiten. \u00d6ffnet eine Klappe ohne ausreichenden Ventilatordruck, gelangt m\u00f6glicherweise kaum Au\u00dfenluft in den Raum. L\u00e4uft die Abluft zu stark, kann Unterdruck entstehen, der T\u00fcren schwer \u00f6ffnbar macht und ungeplante Nebenluft durch Ritzen ansaugt.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr kleinere Fruchtungsr\u00e4ume kann eine kombinierte Zu- und Abluftregelung ausreichend sein. Bei gr\u00f6\u00dferen Anlagen mit mehreren Kammern empfiehlt sich eine zonenweise Regelung. Jede Zone erh\u00e4lt ihren eigenen Messwert und ihre eigene Priorit\u00e4t, w\u00e4hrend zentrale Ger\u00e4te wie Befeuchter, W\u00e4rmepumpe oder Luftaufbereitung koordiniert werden. Das ist besonders f\u00fcr Anlagen mit gestaffelten Erntefenstern sinnvoll.<\/p><p>Ein <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">Klimaregler f\u00fcr die professionelle Pilzzucht<\/a> kann Klappenstellungen, stufenlose Ventilatordrehzahlen und Abluftfreigaben automatisch koordinieren. Dadurch wird vermieden, dass Zuluft und Abluft gegeneinander arbeiten oder dass eine hohe Luftmenge bei unn\u00f6tig weit ge\u00f6ffneter Klappe Energie verschwendet.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Bauteil<\/th><th>Hauptaufgabe<\/th><th>Regelgr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/th><th>Wartungsschwerpunkt<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Au\u00dfenluftklappe<\/td><td>Frischluft dosieren<\/td><td>\u00d6ffnungsgrad<\/td><td>Dichtung und Stellmotor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zuluftventilator<\/td><td>Luft in den Raum f\u00f6rdern<\/td><td>Drehzahl<\/td><td>Laufrad und Lager<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abluftventilator<\/td><td>CO\u2082-reiche Luft abf\u00fchren<\/td><td>Drehzahl oder Schaltstufe<\/td><td>R\u00fcckschlagklappe und Reinigung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Umluftventilator<\/td><td>Raumluft vermischen<\/td><td>Laufzeit<\/td><td>Str\u00f6mungsrichtung pr\u00fcfen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Luftkanal<\/td><td>Luft gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig verteilen<\/td><td>Volumenstrom<\/td><td>Kondensat und Verschmutzung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Frequenzumrichter<\/td><td>Ventilatorleistung anpassen<\/td><td>Motordrehzahl<\/td><td>Elektrische Schutzpr\u00fcfung<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Komponenten sollten nicht isoliert beschafft werden. Entscheidend ist ihre gemeinsame Auslegung nach Raumvolumen, Rack-Geometrie, Kulturbeladung, Kanall\u00e4nge, Filterdruckverlust und gew\u00fcnschter Luftgeschwindigkeit an den Fruchtk\u00f6rpern.<\/p><h2>Feuchte beim Luftaustausch erhalten<\/h2><p>Frischluft senkt CO\u2082, kann aber die relative Feuchte stark ver\u00e4ndern. Im deutschen Winter enth\u00e4lt kalte Au\u00dfenluft trotz hoher relativer Feuchte oft wenig absolute Feuchtigkeit. Wird sie erw\u00e4rmt, f\u00e4llt die relative Feuchte im Kulturraum deutlich ab. Ohne Gegenma\u00dfnahme k\u00f6nnen die Oberfl\u00e4chen von Fruchtk\u00f6rpern und Substrat austrocknen.<\/p><p>Die Befeuchtung muss deshalb parallel zur L\u00fcftung geregelt werden. Dabei darf nicht einfach bei jedem L\u00fcftungsschritt maximal Wasser zerst\u00e4ubt werden. Zu viel Nebel f\u00f6rdert Kondensat an H\u00fcten, Regalen, W\u00e4nden und Kan\u00e4len. Wasserfilme erh\u00f6hen das Risiko f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4tsprobleme und erschweren die Hygiene. Ziel ist eine gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Luftfeuchte ohne sichtbare Tropfenbildung auf der Kultur.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr pr\u00e4zise Anlagen werden Temperatur, relative Feuchte, CO\u2082 und gegebenenfalls Taupunkt gemeinsam betrachtet. Ein hochwertiger Befeuchter, geeignete D\u00fcsen, sauberes Wasser und eine richtige Positionierung im Luftstrom sind ebenso wichtig wie die Steuerlogik. Bei gro\u00dfen Projekten kann eine W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung die Energieverluste durch Frischluft erheblich verringern.<\/p><p>Wer eine kompakte, vorgeplante L\u00f6sung sucht, kann einen <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">modularen Pilzzuchtcontainer mit integrierter Klimaf\u00fchrung<\/a> pr\u00fcfen. Solche Systeme b\u00fcndeln D\u00e4mmung, Luftverteilung, Klimakomponenten und Steuerung in einer abgestimmten Einheit und reduzieren Schnittstellenfehler auf der Baustelle.<\/p><h2>Alarmwerte und Fehlermodi der Sensoren<\/h2><p>Ein Alarm ist nur dann n\u00fctzlich, wenn er klar priorisiert und handlungsorientiert ist. F\u00fcr CO\u2082 sollten mindestens Vorwarnung, Hochalarm und kritischer Alarm eingerichtet werden. Die konkreten Grenzwerte richten sich nach der Pilzart und dem Produktionsrezept. Zus\u00e4tzlich sind Alarme f\u00fcr ungew\u00f6hnlich schnelle Anstiege sinnvoll, denn sie k\u00f6nnen auf einen ausgefallenen Ventilator, eine geschlossene Klappe oder eine blockierte Abluft hinweisen.<\/p><p>Sensorfehler m\u00fcssen vom System erkannt werden. Typische Fehlermodi sind unterbrochene Kommunikation, Messwerte au\u00dferhalb des plausiblen Bereichs, \u00fcber lange Zeit unver\u00e4nderte Werte, Kondensation am Sensor oder Kalibrierabweichungen. Bei einem Sensorausfall sollte der Regler nicht einfach die zuletzt gemessene Konzentration \u00fcbernehmen. Besser ist ein sicherer Ersatzbetrieb mit definierter Mindestl\u00fcftung, klarer St\u00f6rmeldung und Protokollierung.<\/p><p>In Betrieben mit Fern\u00fcberwachung k\u00f6nnen Warnungen an verantwortliche Personen weitergeleitet werden. Dennoch ersetzt die Fernmeldung keine regelm\u00e4\u00dfige Vor-Ort-Kontrolle. Besonders an Wochenenden, w\u00e4hrend Hitzewellen oder bei Frostperioden sollten Notbetriebsarten getestet werden. F\u00fcr gewerbliche Anlagen m\u00fcssen auch elektrische Schutzfunktionen, Motorschutz und Notabschaltungen fachgerecht ausgelegt werden.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Alarmtyp<\/th><th>M\u00f6gliche Ursache<\/th><th>Erste Ma\u00dfnahme<\/th><th>Folge bei Unt\u00e4tigkeit<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082-Vorwarnung<\/td><td>Beladung steigt an<\/td><td>L\u00fcftungsleistung pr\u00fcfen<\/td><td>Qualit\u00e4t kann nachlassen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082-Hochalarm<\/td><td>Abluft zu gering<\/td><td>Klappen und Ventilatoren kontrollieren<\/td><td>Deutliche Formfehler m\u00f6glich<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Schneller CO\u2082-Anstieg<\/td><td>Ventilatorst\u00f6rung oder T\u00fcr geschlossen<\/td><td>Notl\u00fcftung aktivieren<\/td><td>Rasche Belastung der Kultur<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor-Kommunikationsfehler<\/td><td>Kabel, Stromversorgung oder Schnittstelle<\/td><td>Verbindung und Ersatzbetrieb pr\u00fcfen<\/td><td>Regelung arbeitet ohne Messbasis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unplausibler Messwert<\/td><td>Kondensat oder Alterung<\/td><td>Sensor reinigen und vergleichen<\/td><td>Falsche L\u00fcftungsentscheidungen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hohe Feuchte bei L\u00fcftung<\/td><td>Befeuchtung zu stark<\/td><td>D\u00fcsenleistung und Taupunkt pr\u00fcfen<\/td><td>Kondensat und Hygieneprobleme<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle zeigt, dass Alarmmanagement kein Zusatzmerkmal ist. Es geh\u00f6rt zur Produktionssicherheit und sch\u00fctzt sowohl Ertrag als auch Personalplanung.<\/p><h2>CO\u2082-Werte in voll belegten Racks pr\u00fcfen<\/h2><p>Ein einziger Sensor kann den Raumzustand nur begrenzt darstellen. Bei voll belegten Racks entstehen je nach Luftf\u00fchrung Unterschiede zwischen Vorder- und R\u00fcckseite, oberen und unteren Ebenen sowie zwischen Raummitte und Wandbereichen. Besonders dichte Kulturbl\u00f6cke k\u00f6nnen den Luftstrom bremsen und lokale CO\u2082-Ansammlungen verursachen.<\/p><p>Die Pr\u00fcfung sollte w\u00e4hrend hoher Stoffwechselaktivit\u00e4t erfolgen, nicht nur im Leerraum. Ein praxistauglicher Ablauf besteht aus festen Messpunkten an mehreren Rack-Ebenen, dokumentierten T\u00fcrzust\u00e4nden, bekannter L\u00fcfterstufe und wiederholten Messungen \u00fcber einen Tag. Weichen einzelne Punkte deutlich vom Hauptsensor ab, sind meist Luftf\u00fchrung, Umluft, Rack-Abstand oder Zuluftverteilung zu verbessern.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr neue Projekte empfiehlt sich eine Inbetriebnahme mit Rauchtest oder geeigneter Str\u00f6mungsvisualisierung durch Fachpersonal. Damit l\u00e4sst sich erkennen, ob Zuluft direkt an der Kultur vorbeischie\u00dft, ob Luft hinter Regalen stehen bleibt oder ob Abluft zu fr\u00fch abgesaugt wird. Eine gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Verteilung ist oft wirksamer als einfach nur gr\u00f6\u00dfere Ventilatoren zu installieren.<\/p><p>Praxisberichte zu abgestimmten Klimaanlagen und Kulturr\u00e4umen finden sich in den <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">Projektbeispielen f\u00fcr Pilzzuchtanlagen<\/a>. F\u00fcr deutsche K\u00e4ufer ist es sinnvoll, dort insbesondere Raumgr\u00f6\u00dfe, Kulturart, Ernteziel und lokale Klimabedingungen mit dem eigenen Projekt zu vergleichen.<\/p><h2>Unser Unternehmen<\/h2><p>Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. entwickelt L\u00f6sungen f\u00fcr landwirtschaftliche Klimatisierung, gewerbliche Lufttechnik und modulare Kultivierung. Das Unternehmen unterst\u00fctzt Pilzzuchtprojekte mit intelligenten Klimareglern, kulturtauglichen Containern, Luft-Wasser-W\u00e4rmepumpen und abgestimmten L\u00fcftungskomponenten. F\u00fcr Kunden in Deutschland stehen vor allem nachvollziehbare Regelstrategien, robuste Komponenten und projektbezogene Auslegung im Vordergrund.<\/p><p>Im Bereich der technologischen F\u00e4higkeiten st\u00fctzt sich Lanhu auf mehr als zw\u00f6lf Jahre Forschung und Entwicklung in der Thermodynamik sowie auf \u00fcber 45 eingetragene Patente. Die Systeme k\u00f6nnen Temperatur, Feuchte, CO\u2082, L\u00fcftung, Beleuchtung und Schutzmeldungen in gemeinsame Betriebsprogramme integrieren. Das ist besonders hilfreich, wenn unterschiedliche Pilzarten oder mehrere Fruchtungsphasen innerhalb eines Projekts gesteuert werden sollen.<\/p><p>Die Fertigungskapazit\u00e4ten umfassen eine moderne Produktionsfl\u00e4che von mehr als 30.000 Quadratmetern. Produktentwicklung, Blechbearbeitung, CNC-Biegen, Herstellung isolierter Paneele, elektrische Montage, Systemintegration und Funktionspr\u00fcfung werden abgestimmt umgesetzt. Vor dem Versand durchlaufen Anlagen elektrische Pr\u00fcfungen, Leistungspr\u00fcfungen und betriebliche Bewertungen. Zertifizierungen nach ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001 und ISO 12100 unterst\u00fctzen eine strukturierte Qualit\u00e4tskontrolle.<\/p><p>Bei den Servicef\u00e4higkeiten bietet Lanhu direkte Werkslieferung, technische Projektunterst\u00fctzung, Anpassungen f\u00fcr individuelle Raumgr\u00f6\u00dfen, Ersatzteilversorgung, Installationshinweise und Unterst\u00fctzung nach der Inbetriebnahme. F\u00fcr Anlagenbauer, H\u00e4ndler und gewerbliche Farmen in Deutschland k\u00f6nnen auch kundenspezifische L\u00f6sungen geplant werden. Informationen zu <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">kundenspezifischer Entwicklung und Anlagenanpassung<\/a> helfen bei der Vorbereitung komplexerer Projekte.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Logistik nach Deutschland sind realistische Zeitpl\u00e4ne wichtig. Je nach Projektumfang werden Lieferwege \u00fcber gro\u00dfe europ\u00e4ische Umschlagpl\u00e4tze wie Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam oder Duisburg geplant. Vor der Bestellung sollten K\u00e4ufer Transportma\u00df, Entladeweg, elektrische Anschl\u00fcsse, lokale Montage, Ersatzteilstrategie und die Einbindung in vorhandene Geb\u00e4udetechnik verbindlich kl\u00e4ren.<\/p><p>Der Markt entwickelt sich bis 2026 in Richtung energieeffizienter, datenbasierter und st\u00e4rker automatisierter Pilzzucht. Steigende Anforderungen an Energieeffizienz, Wasserverbrauch, Hygiene und Dokumentation f\u00f6rdern bedarfsgerechte L\u00fcftung, drehzahlgeregelte Ventilatoren, W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung und digitale Produktionsprotokolle. Nachhaltige Anlagen reduzieren unn\u00f6tigen Luftaustausch, vermeiden Feuchteverluste und helfen, Strom- sowie Heizenergie gezielter einzusetzen.<\/p><h2>H\u00e4ufige Fragen<\/h2><p><strong>Welcher CO\u2082-Wert ist f\u00fcr Pilze richtig?<\/strong><br>Der richtige Wert h\u00e4ngt von Pilzart und Entwicklungsphase ab. Austernpilze ben\u00f6tigen w\u00e4hrend der Fruchtk\u00f6rperbildung meist niedrigere CO\u2082-Werte als w\u00e4hrend der Substratdurchwachsung. Ein verbindlicher Sollwert sollte mit Kulturrezept, Substratlieferant und eigenen Versuchsdaten abgestimmt werden.<\/p><p><strong>Reicht ein CO\u2082-Sensor pro Raum?<\/strong><br>In kleinen, gut durchmischten R\u00e4umen kann ein Hauptsensor ausreichen. Bei langen R\u00e4umen, hohen Racks oder dichter Belegung sollten zus\u00e4tzliche Kontrollsensoren oder regelm\u00e4\u00dfige mobile Vergleichsmessungen eingesetzt werden.<\/p><p><strong>Warum sinkt die Luftfeuchte nach dem L\u00fcften?<\/strong><br>Besonders im Winter ist Au\u00dfenluft nach dem Erw\u00e4rmen im Raum oft trocken. Deshalb muss die Befeuchtung mit der Frischluftregelung gekoppelt werden. Gleichzeitig darf kein Kondensat auf den Fruchtk\u00f6rpern entstehen.<\/p><p><strong>Wie h\u00e4ufig sollte ein CO\u2082-Sensor kontrolliert werden?<\/strong><br>Eine regelm\u00e4\u00dfige Sichtpr\u00fcfung, Reinigung und Plausibilit\u00e4tskontrolle sind erforderlich. Das konkrete Intervall richtet sich nach Sensortyp, Staubbelastung, Feuchte und Herstellerangaben. Vergleichsmessungen mit einem gepr\u00fcften Referenzger\u00e4t erh\u00f6hen die Sicherheit.<\/p><p><strong>Was ist bei der Beschaffung f\u00fcr Deutschland besonders wichtig?<\/strong><br>Neben dem Kaufpreis sind elektrische Kompatibilit\u00e4t, Dokumentation, Ersatzteile, Lieferzeit, W\u00e4rmed\u00e4mmung, Korrosionsschutz, Montagekonzept und verf\u00fcgbarer technischer Service entscheidend. F\u00fcr Projekte in Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Dresden oder im l\u00e4ndlichen Raum sollten auch lokale Elektro- und L\u00fcftungsfachbetriebe fr\u00fchzeitig einbezogen werden.<\/p><p><strong>Kann ein Regler mehrere Kulturr\u00e4ume steuern?<\/strong><br>Ja, sofern jede Kammer \u00fcber passende Sensoren, Klappen und Ventilatorausg\u00e4nge verf\u00fcgt. Bei deutlich unterschiedlichen Kulturen oder Fruchtungsphasen ist eine getrennte Zonenregelung empfehlenswert, damit ein Raum nicht die Bedingungen eines anderen beeintr\u00e4chtigt.<\/p>","ru-title":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c CO\u2082 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f","ru-meta":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b CO\u2082 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430.","ru-content":"<h2>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/h2><p>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f CO\u2082. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 CO\u2082, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 5000 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 10 000 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d. \u0414\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0435.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a:<\/p><ul><li>\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a CO\u2082 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e;<\/li><li>\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438;<\/li><li>\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c;<\/li><li>\u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c CO\u2082;<\/li><li>\u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435;<\/li><li>\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430, \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u0412 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445.<\/p><h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c CO\u2082<\/h2><p>\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f CO\u2082 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a CO\u2082 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0448\u043b\u044f\u043f\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0435, \u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/th><th>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 CO\u2082<\/th><th>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440<\/td><td>\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u041e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0424\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0435<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/td><td>\u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0451\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0443<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445<\/td><td>\u0414\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c CO\u2082. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c CO\u2082 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f<\/h3><p>\u0418\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0448\u043b\u044f\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044b, \u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d.<\/p><h2>\u0412\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/h2><p>\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 5000 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 10 000 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d.<\/p><p>\u0421\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0443.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/th><th>\u0427\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th><th>\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/th><th>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u0414\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439<\/td><td>\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435<\/td><td>\u0421\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441<\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/td><td>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0420\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/td><td>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0412\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/td><td>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436 \u0434\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td><td>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td><td>\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435.<\/p><h2>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/h2><p>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e CO\u2082 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430<\/th><th>\u041d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438<\/th><th>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/th><th>\u0420\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433<\/td><td>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435<\/td><td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 CO\u2082<\/td><td>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0413\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/td><td>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u0423\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/td><td>\u0414\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0451, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430 CO\u2082, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/p><h3>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/h3><p>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0443.<\/p><p>\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432<\/a>.<\/p><h2>\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0438<\/h2><p>\u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a CO\u2082 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a CO\u2082 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/th><th>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/th><th>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443<\/td><td>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u041e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/td><td>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0440<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/td><td>\u0423\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0441 CO\u2082<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/td><td>\u041f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0448\u0443\u043c\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u044f\u0433\u0443<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0441 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0445<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440<\/td><td>\u041e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p><p>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/a>. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p><h2>\u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/h2><p>\u0421\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441. \u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043c, \u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 CO\u2082 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u044b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a CO\u2082 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u044b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0423\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h3><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u044e\u0433\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><h2>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/h2><p>\u0421\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 CO\u2082, \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 CO\u2082 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0438<\/th><th>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/th><th>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442<\/td><td>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/td><td>\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0410\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c<\/td><td>\u041e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d<\/td><td>\u0410\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/td><td>\u0412\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442<\/td><td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0449\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 CO\u2082 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c: \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f.<\/p><h2>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 CO\u2082 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445<\/h2><p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443: \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0451.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442<\/th><th>\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438<\/th><th>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0423 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438<\/td><td>\u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0414\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/td><td>\u0414\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/td><td>\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u043c \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0435<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0435<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d<\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0423 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c<\/td><td>\u0421\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0423\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p><h2>\u0420\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0435<\/h2><p>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439:<\/p><ul><li>\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b;<\/li><li>\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0444 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432;<\/li><li>\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430;<\/li><li>\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440;<\/li><li>\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439;<\/li><li>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u043d\u0430-\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435.<\/p><h2>\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2><p>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f CO\u2082 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445.<\/p><p>\u0412\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c: \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 CO\u2082.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c, \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438: \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p><h2>\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/h2><p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0434\u0443\u043d \u041b\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0445\u0443\u00bb \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0434\u0443\u043d \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 CO\u2082, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436, \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044c\u044e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p><h2>\u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/h2><p>\u0412 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 CO\u2082, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a.<\/p><p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><h2>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/h2><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d CO\u2082 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442 0 \u0434\u043e 5000 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e 10 000 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d.<\/p><h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443?<\/h3><p>\u0422\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0443 CO\u2082 \u0441 \u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a?<\/h3><p>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438.<\/p><h3>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f?<\/h3><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/p><h3>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 CO\u2082?<\/h3><p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f?<\/h3><p>\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0423\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c CO\u2082 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0449\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438.<\/p><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c CO\u2082 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445?<\/h3><p>\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439.<\/p><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430?<\/h3><p>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443.<\/p>","ar-title":"\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629","ar-meta":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641.","ar-content":"<h2>\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2><p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 <strong>\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0631\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/th><th>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th><th>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636<\/td><td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0645<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641<\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0646<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td><td>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/td><td>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a<\/td><td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/td><td>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p><h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/h2><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631<\/th><th>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/th><th>\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/th><th>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td><td>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633<\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641<\/td><td>\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/td><td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641<\/td><td>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634.<\/p><h2>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647<\/h2><p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0637\u0628 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/th><th>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641<\/td><td>\u062c\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td><td>\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u064a<\/td><td>\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/td><td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/td><td>\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/td><td>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0637\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/td><td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td><td>\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/td><td>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/td><td>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641 \u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u061b \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p><h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/h2><p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631: \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p><h2>\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/h2><p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th><th>\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632<\/th><th>\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/th><th>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td><td>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639<\/td><td>\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/td><td>\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td><td>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629<\/td><td>\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/td><td>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p><h2>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/h2><p>\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0637\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u061b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p><h2>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/h2><p>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/th><th>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/th><th>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/th><th>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/td><td>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u062c<\/td><td>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td><td>\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/td><td>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0622\u0645\u0646<\/td><td>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/td><td>\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0635<\/td><td>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/td><td>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/td><td>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td><td>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p><h2>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/h2><p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062f\u0633\u0629.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p><h2>\u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2><p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u061f<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p><p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u061f<\/strong><br>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p><p><strong>\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u061f<\/strong><br>\u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.<\/p><p><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u061f<\/strong><br>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p><p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u061f<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>","fr-title":"Piloter le CO\u2082 des champignons : guide pratique France","fr-meta":"Guide fran\u00e7ais du pilotage du CO\u2082 pour champignonni\u00e8res en France : capteurs, air neuf, humidit\u00e9, alarmes et choix d\u2019\u00e9quipements fiables.","fr-content":"<h2>R\u00e9ponse rapide<\/h2><p>Un r\u00e9gulateur de CO\u2082 pour champignonni\u00e8re mesure en continu la concentration de dioxyde de carbone, compare cette valeur \u00e0 une consigne d\u00e9finie selon l\u2019esp\u00e8ce et le stade de culture, puis commande les volets d\u2019air, ventilateurs, extracteurs et parfois le traitement d\u2019air. Son objectif n\u2019est pas seulement d\u2019abaisser le CO\u2082 : il doit maintenir un climat homog\u00e8ne, pr\u00e9server l\u2019humidit\u00e9, limiter les courants d\u2019air et r\u00e9duire les d\u00e9penses \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques.<\/p><p>Pour une exploitation en France, le bon fonctionnement repose sur cinq principes : choisir une plage de mesure adapt\u00e9e, placer les sondes dans les zones r\u00e9ellement occup\u00e9es par les champignons, utiliser une ventilation modul\u00e9e selon la demande, coordonner admission et extraction, et contr\u00f4ler l\u2019humidit\u00e9 pendant chaque renouvellement d\u2019air. Les producteurs de Paris, Lyon, Lille, Nantes, Bordeaux, Strasbourg ou Marseille doivent \u00e9galement tenir compte du climat local, de l\u2019isolation du b\u00e2timent et de la saison.<\/p><p>Un syst\u00e8me de contr\u00f4le climatique pour culture de champignons devient particuli\u00e8rement utile lorsque les salles sont charg\u00e9es, que plusieurs esp\u00e8ces sont produites, que les cycles sont successifs ou que la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre ne permet pas une surveillance manuelle permanente. Pour les projets modulaires, un <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">conteneur de culture de champignons climatis\u00e9<\/a> permet d\u2019int\u00e9grer d\u00e8s l\u2019origine capteurs, ventilation, refroidissement, humidification et tableaux de commande.<\/p><h3>Rep\u00e8res de consigne par type de production<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Culture<\/th><th>Phase<\/th><th>Objectif de CO\u2082 indicatif<\/th><th>Priorit\u00e9 de pilotage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Champignon de Paris<\/td><td>Incubation<\/td><td>\u00c9lev\u00e9 selon recette culturale<\/td><td>Stabilit\u00e9 thermique et humidit\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Champignon de Paris<\/td><td>Fructification<\/td><td>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 bas<\/td><td>Renouvellement d\u2019air r\u00e9gulier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pleurote<\/td><td>Incubation<\/td><td>\u00c9lev\u00e9<\/td><td>\u00c9viter le dess\u00e8chement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pleurote<\/td><td>Formation des primordia<\/td><td>Bas<\/td><td>Air frais et humidit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shiitak\u00e9<\/td><td>Colonisation<\/td><td>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/td><td>Homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 entre blocs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shiitak\u00e9<\/td><td>Fructification<\/td><td>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9<\/td><td>Pr\u00e9venir les poches de CO\u2082<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Ces valeurs sont des rep\u00e8res de conduite et non des prescriptions universelles. La souche, le substrat, la densit\u00e9 de chargement, la temp\u00e9rature, la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau et l\u2019\u00e9tape biologique modifient les besoins. Une consigne efficace se valide donc par l\u2019observation des pieds, chapeaux, rendements, d\u00e9lais de r\u00e9colte et \u00e9carts mesur\u00e9s entre rayonnages.<\/p><h2>Comment la respiration des champignons modifie le CO\u2082<\/h2><p>Les champignons respirent : ils consomment de l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne et rejettent du dioxyde de carbone. Durant l\u2019incubation, la chaleur biologique et le CO\u2082 peuvent augmenter rapidement, particuli\u00e8rement dans des salles bien isol\u00e9es ou avec une forte charge de substrat. Au moment de la fructification, une concentration excessive peut alt\u00e9rer la morphologie, ralentir le d\u00e9veloppement ou provoquer des pieds trop longs selon l\u2019esp\u00e8ce.<\/p><p>La production de CO\u2082 n\u2019est jamais constante. Elle varie avec l\u2019\u00e2ge du myc\u00e9lium, la temp\u00e9rature du substrat, l\u2019humidit\u00e9, le poids total de blocs ou de compost, le nombre de portes ouvertes et les cycles de r\u00e9colte. Une salle partiellement remplie ne se comporte pas comme une salle charg\u00e9e \u00e0 pleine capacit\u00e9. C\u2019est pourquoi un r\u00e9gulateur doit privil\u00e9gier la mesure r\u00e9elle plut\u00f4t qu\u2019un simple calendrier de ventilation.<\/p><h3>Effet de la charge biologique sur la ventilation<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Situation observ\u00e9e<\/th><th>\u00c9volution probable du CO\u2082<\/th><th>Risque principal<\/th><th>R\u00e9ponse recommand\u00e9e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Salle peu charg\u00e9e<\/td><td>Hausse lente<\/td><td>Surventilation inutile<\/td><td>R\u00e9duire le d\u00e9bit minimal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rayonnages remplis<\/td><td>Hausse rapide<\/td><td>Air vici\u00e9 au centre<\/td><td>Activer une modulation progressive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temp\u00e9rature du substrat \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/td><td>Hausse acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/td><td>Stress thermique<\/td><td>Renforcer l\u2019extraction contr\u00f4l\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Apr\u00e8s arrosage<\/td><td>Variations locales<\/td><td>Mesure fauss\u00e9e par condensation<\/td><td>Stabiliser avant interpr\u00e9tation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portes fr\u00e9quemment ouvertes<\/td><td>Baisse ponctuelle<\/td><td>D\u00e9cisions erratiques<\/td><td>Utiliser un d\u00e9lai de filtrage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fin de vague de r\u00e9colte<\/td><td>Production r\u00e9duite<\/td><td>D\u00e9pense d\u2019air neuf excessive<\/td><td>Adapter les seuils au cycle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Le suivi du CO\u2082 doit toujours \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 avec la temp\u00e9rature et l\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative. Par exemple, une baisse rapide de CO\u2082 apr\u00e8s une admission d\u2019air ext\u00e9rieur froid peut \u00eatre favorable \u00e0 la concentration gazeuse mais d\u00e9favorable au climat si elle provoque un refroidissement brutal ou une perte d\u2019humidit\u00e9. Une strat\u00e9gie de commande performante arbitre entre ces param\u00e8tres.<\/p><h2>Choisir la plage et l\u2019emplacement des capteurs<\/h2><p>La plage de mesure doit couvrir les niveaux attendus dans chaque phase de production, avec une marge de s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Une sonde limit\u00e9e \u00e0 de faibles concentrations peut devenir impr\u00e9cise ou saturer dans une salle d\u2019incubation. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, une plage excessivement large peut offrir une r\u00e9solution moins utile pour la fructification. Le choix doit partir de la culture vis\u00e9e, des recettes de production et du volume du local.<\/p><p>Dans une chambre de culture, une seule sonde plac\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de la porte ou directement devant l\u2019arriv\u00e9e d\u2019air ne repr\u00e9sente pas la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de la salle. Le CO\u2082 est souvent plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 au c\u0153ur des rayonnages, dans les angles peu brass\u00e9s, derri\u00e8re les \u00e9crans ou sous les \u00e9tag\u00e8res. Il faut mesurer \u00e0 une hauteur repr\u00e9sentative des organes de fructification, sans exposer la sonde aux gouttes, au brouillard direct ou au jet d\u2019air.<\/p><h3>Positions recommand\u00e9es pour les sondes<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Emplacement<\/th><th>Utilit\u00e9<\/th><th>Limite possible<\/th><th>D\u00e9cision pratique<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Centre de la salle<\/td><td>Mesure moyenne g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/td><td>Peut ignorer les extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s<\/td><td>Bonne position de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Milieu d\u2019un rayonnage charg\u00e9<\/td><td>D\u00e9tecte les poches de CO\u2082<\/td><td>Exposition \u00e0 l\u2019humidit\u00e9<\/td><td>Prot\u00e9ger avec un capot adapt\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e8s de l\u2019admission d\u2019air<\/td><td>Contr\u00f4le l\u2019air entrant<\/td><td>Valeur artificiellement basse<\/td><td>Utiliser seulement comme sonde secondaire<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e8s de l\u2019extraction<\/td><td>Suit l\u2019air \u00e9vacu\u00e9<\/td><td>Ne refl\u00e8te pas toujours les racks<\/td><td>Comparer avec une mesure centrale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dans un angle \u00e9loign\u00e9<\/td><td>Rep\u00e8re les zones stagnantes<\/td><td>R\u00e9ponse parfois lente<\/td><td>Utile dans les grandes salles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e8s d\u2019une porte<\/td><td>D\u00e9tecte les perturbations ext\u00e9rieures<\/td><td>Forte variabilit\u00e9<\/td><td>Ne pas utiliser comme consigne principale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Dans les installations \u00e0 plusieurs rang\u00e9es, l\u2019approche la plus fiable consiste \u00e0 employer au moins une sonde de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et une ou plusieurs sondes de v\u00e9rification. Le r\u00e9gulateur peut prendre la valeur la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e, une moyenne pond\u00e9r\u00e9e ou une logique par zone. Cette derni\u00e8re solution convient aux salles longues, aux conteneurs \u00e0 rayonnages denses et aux b\u00e2timents r\u00e9nov\u00e9s o\u00f9 la circulation d\u2019air est irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re.<\/p><p>Un nettoyage planifi\u00e9 est indispensable. Les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts de poussi\u00e8re, les spores, les r\u00e9sidus d\u2019a\u00e9rosol et la condensation peuvent r\u00e9duire la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 des capteurs. La v\u00e9rification p\u00e9riodique avec un appareil \u00e9talon et le remplacement pr\u00e9ventif des sondes critiques \u00e9vitent de baser les d\u00e9cisions de ventilation sur une mesure d\u00e9rivante.<\/p><h2>Commande de l\u2019air neuf selon la demande<\/h2><p>La ventilation \u00e0 la demande consiste \u00e0 apporter de l\u2019air neuf lorsque le CO\u2082 d\u00e9passe un seuil utile, puis \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le d\u00e9bit lorsque la concentration revient dans une zone ma\u00eetris\u00e9e. Elle est plus pr\u00e9cise qu\u2019une ventilation \u00e0 dur\u00e9e fixe, notamment dans les exploitations fran\u00e7aises soumises \u00e0 de fortes diff\u00e9rences saisonni\u00e8res entre hiver, mi-saison et \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p><p>La commande doit comprendre une zone neutre entre le seuil de d\u00e9marrage et le seuil d\u2019arr\u00eat. Sans cette diff\u00e9rence, les ventilateurs et volets peuvent s\u2019ouvrir et se fermer sans cesse, ce qui fatigue les \u00e9quipements, perturbe le climat et augmente la consommation. Un d\u00e9lai minimal de fonctionnement aide \u00e9galement \u00e0 \u00e9viter les corrections trop rapides caus\u00e9es par un passage de personnel ou l\u2019ouverture d\u2019une porte.<\/p><h3>Logique de commande conseill\u00e9e<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Niveau mesur\u00e9<\/th><th>\u00c9tat des volets<\/th><th>Ventilateurs<\/th><th>Objectif<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr\u00e8s inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la consigne<\/td><td>Position minimale<\/td><td>Vitesse basse<\/td><td>Limiter les pertes thermiques<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Proche de la consigne<\/td><td>Ouverture partielle<\/td><td>Vitesse modul\u00e9e<\/td><td>Maintenir la stabilit\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Au-dessus du seuil haut<\/td><td>Ouverture renforc\u00e9e<\/td><td>Vitesse moyenne<\/td><td>R\u00e9duire progressivement le CO\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D\u00e9passement important<\/td><td>Ouverture \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/td><td>Vitesse forte<\/td><td>R\u00e9agir sans d\u00e9lai excessif<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alarme critique<\/td><td>Ouverture de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/td><td>Extraction prioritaire<\/td><td>Prot\u00e9ger la culture et les op\u00e9rateurs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D\u00e9faut de capteur<\/td><td>Position de secours<\/td><td>D\u00e9bit s\u00e9curis\u00e9<\/td><td>\u00c9viter l\u2019absence totale d\u2019\u00e9change<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Dans les r\u00e9gions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res comme la Bretagne, la Normandie ou les Hauts-de-France, l\u2019air ext\u00e9rieur humide peut limiter les besoins d\u2019humidification, mais il peut aussi accro\u00eetre le risque de condensation. Dans l\u2019Est, autour de Strasbourg ou Dijon, les \u00e9pisodes froids demandent une r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de chaleur ou un pr\u00e9traitement de l\u2019air. Dans le Sud, vers Montpellier, Toulouse ou Marseille, la protection contre l\u2019air chaud devient d\u00e9terminante.<\/p><h2>Coordonner volets, ventilateurs et extraction<\/h2><p>Un r\u00e9gulateur de CO\u2082 efficace ne doit pas commander chaque \u00e9quipement de mani\u00e8re isol\u00e9e. Les volets d\u2019admission, ventilateurs de soufflage, extracteurs, ventilateurs de brassage et syst\u00e8mes de traitement thermique doivent fonctionner selon une s\u00e9quence coh\u00e9rente. Ouvrir un volet sans capacit\u00e9 d\u2019extraction suffisante peut produire une circulation faible. Augmenter l\u2019extraction sans admission organis\u00e9e peut cr\u00e9er une d\u00e9pression excessive et aspirer de l\u2019air par des fuites non ma\u00eetris\u00e9es.<\/p><p>Une s\u00e9quence classique commence par une ouverture mod\u00e9r\u00e9e des volets, suivie d\u2019une mont\u00e9e progressive du ventilateur de soufflage et de l\u2019extracteur. Le brassage int\u00e9rieur homog\u00e9n\u00e9ise ensuite l\u2019air entre les \u00e9tag\u00e8res. Lorsque le CO\u2082 redescend sous le seuil de retour, la vitesse diminue graduellement avant la fermeture partielle des volets. Cette m\u00e9thode prot\u00e8ge les actionneurs et limite les chocs climatiques.<\/p><p>Dans une salle de grande hauteur, les gaines textiles ou conduits perfor\u00e9s peuvent distribuer l\u2019air plus uniform\u00e9ment que des jets directs. Dans un conteneur, un pl\u00e9num de soufflage bien dimensionn\u00e9 \u00e9vite que les premiers rayonnages re\u00e7oivent tout l\u2019air frais tandis que les derniers accumulent chaleur et CO\u2082. Les essais de fum\u00e9e non toxique, les relev\u00e9s multipoints et l\u2019observation des cultures aident \u00e0 corriger les d\u00e9fauts de circulation.<\/p><h3>Principaux sc\u00e9narios d\u2019exploitation<\/h3><p>Pour une champignonni\u00e8re pr\u00e8s de Rungis, Lyon ou Lille, o\u00f9 l\u2019approvisionnement et les exp\u00e9ditions sont fr\u00e9quents, le syst\u00e8me doit \u00eatre capable de retrouver rapidement son \u00e9quilibre apr\u00e8s les ouvertures de portes. Pour une unit\u00e9 rurale en Auvergne, en Dordogne ou dans le Grand Est, l\u2019enjeu peut davantage porter sur la ma\u00eetrise de l\u2019air ext\u00e9rieur froid et sur la r\u00e9duction des co\u00fbts de chauffage. Dans tous les cas, le pilotage doit \u00eatre r\u00e9gl\u00e9 sur les conditions r\u00e9elles du b\u00e2timent, pas uniquement sur les donn\u00e9es th\u00e9oriques de l\u2019\u00e9quipement.<\/p><h2>Pr\u00e9server l\u2019humidit\u00e9 pendant le renouvellement d\u2019air<\/h2><p>L\u2019air neuf est indispensable au contr\u00f4le du CO\u2082, mais il peut entra\u00eener une baisse d\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative et une \u00e9vaporation excessive \u00e0 la surface des champignons. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est particuli\u00e8rement sensible en hiver lorsque l\u2019air ext\u00e9rieur est froid et sec apr\u00e8s r\u00e9chauffement. Une ventilation agressive peut alors cr\u00e9er des chapeaux secs, des bords fragiles, une diminution de qualit\u00e9 visuelle ou des \u00e9carts de croissance.<\/p><p>La solution n\u2019est pas de supprimer la ventilation, mais de la rendre plus intelligente. Le r\u00e9gulateur peut augmenter progressivement l\u2019humidification en m\u00eame temps que le d\u00e9bit d\u2019air neuf, limiter la dur\u00e9e des impulsions de ventilation, pr\u00e9conditionner l\u2019air entrant ou utiliser un \u00e9changeur thermique adapt\u00e9. L\u2019emplacement des buses d\u2019humidification doit \u00e9viter de mouiller directement les organes de fructification et les capteurs.<\/p><h3>\u00c9quilibre entre CO\u2082, temp\u00e9rature et humidit\u00e9<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Probl\u00e8me<\/th><th>Cause possible<\/th><th>Signal de contr\u00f4le<\/th><th>Mesure corrective<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Humidit\u00e9 en baisse<\/td><td>Air neuf sec trop important<\/td><td>Chute apr\u00e8s ventilation<\/td><td>Moduler le d\u00e9bit et humidifier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Condensation<\/td><td>Air humide sur surface froide<\/td><td>Gouttes sur murs ou plafond<\/td><td>R\u00e9\u00e9quilibrer temp\u00e9rature et brassage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 trop \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/td><td>D\u00e9bit insuffisant<\/td><td>Hausse durable au centre<\/td><td>Augmenter admission et extraction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Champignons dess\u00e9ch\u00e9s<\/td><td>Jet d\u2019air direct<\/td><td>Zone localis\u00e9e affect\u00e9e<\/td><td>R\u00e9orienter diffusion et brumisation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9cart de temp\u00e9rature<\/td><td>Air ext\u00e9rieur non trait\u00e9<\/td><td>Variation apr\u00e8s ouverture volets<\/td><td>Ajouter pr\u00e9traitement thermique<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Humidit\u00e9 trop \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/td><td>Brumisation excessive<\/td><td>Condensation persistante<\/td><td>R\u00e9duire les cycles et ventiler finement<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Le contr\u00f4le de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 doit \u00eatre compar\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat des surfaces, et pas seulement \u00e0 la valeur affich\u00e9e. Deux salles ayant la m\u00eame humidit\u00e9 relative peuvent donner des r\u00e9sultats diff\u00e9rents si la vitesse d\u2019air, la temp\u00e9rature de surface, la densit\u00e9 des racks ou le rythme de pulv\u00e9risation ne sont pas identiques. Un bon r\u00e9glage prot\u00e8ge autant la qualit\u00e9 commerciale que le rendement.<\/p><h2>R\u00e9glages des alarmes et modes de d\u00e9faut des capteurs<\/h2><p>Les alarmes \u00e9vitent qu\u2019une d\u00e9rive invisible devienne une perte de production. Il est recommand\u00e9 de pr\u00e9voir au minimum une alarme de CO\u2082 \u00e9lev\u00e9, une alarme de CO\u2082 tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9, une alarme de temp\u00e9rature hors plage, une alarme d\u2019humidit\u00e9 anormale, une alarme de d\u00e9faut de ventilation et une alarme de perte de communication. Les alertes doivent \u00eatre distinctes : un simple d\u00e9passement de consigne ne requiert pas la m\u00eame r\u00e9action qu\u2019une panne de capteur ou qu\u2019un arr\u00eat d\u2019extracteur.<\/p><p>En cas de d\u00e9faut de sonde, le r\u00e9gulateur ne doit pas conserver aveugl\u00e9ment la derni\u00e8re valeur mesur\u00e9e. Il doit d\u00e9tecter les valeurs impossibles, les donn\u00e9es fig\u00e9es, les coupures de c\u00e2ble ou les incoh\u00e9rences entre sondes. Le mode de secours peut appliquer une ventilation minimale s\u00e9curis\u00e9e, pr\u00e9venir l\u2019exploitant et conserver l\u2019historique de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement pour le diagnostic.<\/p><h3>Bonnes pratiques d\u2019alarme<\/h3><p>Les notifications peuvent \u00eatre envoy\u00e9es sur \u00e9cran local, t\u00e9l\u00e9phone ou poste de supervision selon l\u2019organisation de l\u2019exploitation. Les \u00e9quipes doivent savoir qui intervient, dans quel d\u00e9lai, et quelle v\u00e9rification effectuer : alimentation \u00e9lectrique, position des volets, courroies, filtres, sondes, humidificateur ou acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la salle. Un journal d\u2019alarmes aide \u00e0 identifier les pannes r\u00e9currentes et les mauvais r\u00e9glages.<\/p><p>Il est prudent de tester chaque alarme lors de la mise en service puis \u00e0 intervalles r\u00e9guliers. Un c\u00e2ble d\u00e9branch\u00e9, un ventilateur bloqu\u00e9 ou un volet coinc\u00e9 doit d\u00e9clencher le sc\u00e9nario attendu. Cette discipline est importante dans les productions \u00e0 forte valeur et dans les sites \u00e9loign\u00e9s des grands p\u00f4les de maintenance.<\/p><h2>V\u00e9rifier le CO\u2082 dans les rayonnages charg\u00e9s<\/h2><p>Une lecture correcte au tableau de commande ne garantit pas que tous les niveaux de rayonnages re\u00e7oivent un climat \u00e9quilibr\u00e9. Dans les salles charg\u00e9es, le substrat et les emballages cr\u00e9ent des obstacles \u00e0 l\u2019air. Des poches de CO\u2082 peuvent persister derri\u00e8re les sacs, au fond des \u00e9tag\u00e8res ou dans les zones o\u00f9 les ventilateurs cr\u00e9ent un court-circuit entre soufflage et extraction.<\/p><p>La v\u00e9rification doit \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 plusieurs emplacements : pr\u00e8s du premier rack, au centre, pr\u00e8s du dernier rack, en partie basse et en partie haute si la salle est haute. Il est utile de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter les relev\u00e9s pendant les p\u00e9riodes de forte respiration, apr\u00e8s ventilation, apr\u00e8s arrosage et pendant les heures de travail. Les \u00e9carts observ\u00e9s servent \u00e0 ajuster le brassage, les volets, les gaines et les seuils de r\u00e9gulation.<\/p><h3>Plan de contr\u00f4le sur site<\/h3><p>Commencez par cartographier la salle avec un appareil portable v\u00e9rifi\u00e9. Notez la concentration de CO\u2082, la temp\u00e9rature, l\u2019humidit\u00e9 et la vitesse d\u2019air \u00e0 chaque point. Comparez ensuite ces donn\u00e9es avec les valeurs de la sonde principale. Si une zone s\u2019\u00e9carte durablement, ne compensez pas uniquement par une consigne plus basse : corrigez d\u2019abord la distribution d\u2019air. Cette m\u00e9thode r\u00e9duit la surventilation et am\u00e9liore l\u2019uniformit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9colte.<\/p><p>Les exploitations situ\u00e9es pr\u00e8s des grands axes logistiques, notamment autour du Havre, de Dunkerque, de Saint-Nazaire, de Lyon ou de Marseille-Fos, peuvent b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d\u2019une bonne disponibilit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipements, mais doivent aussi s\u00e9curiser leurs pi\u00e8ces de rechange avant les pics de production. Une sonde de r\u00e9serve, des filtres, des courroies et des actionneurs critiques limitent les interruptions.<\/p><h2>Notre entreprise<\/h2><p>Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. accompagne les projets de ma\u00eetrise climatique pour l\u2019agriculture, la culture de champignons et les installations modulaires. Pour le march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais, notre approche consiste \u00e0 adapter le pilotage du CO\u2082, de l\u2019humidit\u00e9, de la temp\u00e9rature et de la ventilation aux esp\u00e8ces cultiv\u00e9es, aux conditions de b\u00e2timent et aux objectifs de rendement.<\/p><h3>Capacit\u00e9s technologiques<\/h3><p>Notre \u00e9quipe s\u2019appuie sur plus de douze ans de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en thermodynamique et sur plus de quarante-cinq brevets enregistr\u00e9s. Nous concevons des r\u00e9gulateurs de climat pour champignonni\u00e8res capables de centraliser les capteurs, les consignes, les alarmes et les commandes d\u2019\u00e9quipements. D\u00e9couvrez notre <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">r\u00e9gulateur climatique pour culture de champignons<\/a> pour les salles existantes, les unit\u00e9s de production intensives et les projets de modernisation.<\/p><p>Les tendances \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2026 favorisent les syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 donn\u00e9es historiques, les r\u00e9glages pr\u00e9dictifs bas\u00e9s sur la charge de substrat, les alertes \u00e0 distance et la modulation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. En France, la r\u00e9duction des consommations, la surveillance de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air, l\u2019isolation renforc\u00e9e et l\u2019optimisation de l\u2019eau deviennent des crit\u00e8res d\u2019achat de plus en plus importants.<\/p><h3>Capacit\u00e9s de fabrication<\/h3><p>Notre site de fabrication de plus de 30 000 m\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s r\u00e9unit conception produit, d\u00e9veloppement technique, fabrication de t\u00f4lerie, pliage \u00e0 commande num\u00e9rique, production de panneaux isolants, assemblage \u00e9lectrique, int\u00e9gration de syst\u00e8mes et essais. Chaque unit\u00e9 passe par des contr\u00f4les fonctionnels, \u00e9lectriques, de performance et de fonctionnement avant exp\u00e9dition.<\/p><p>Cette int\u00e9gration permet de fournir des conteneurs de culture, des syst\u00e8mes de contr\u00f4le climatique, des panneaux isol\u00e9s et des solutions de traitement d\u2019air coh\u00e9rentes. Nos proc\u00e9d\u00e9s sont soutenus par des certifications de management de la qualit\u00e9, de l\u2019environnement, de la sant\u00e9 et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 au travail, ainsi que par une d\u00e9marche de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de conception des machines.<\/p><h3>Capacit\u00e9s de service<\/h3><p>Nous proposons une fourniture directe usine, la personnalisation pour les fabricants et int\u00e9grateurs, l\u2019assistance d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, l\u2019appui logistique international, les pi\u00e8ces d\u00e9tach\u00e9es, les conseils d\u2019installation et le service apr\u00e8s-vente. Les clients fran\u00e7ais peuvent pr\u00e9parer leur projet avec plans de salle, dimensions des racks, quantit\u00e9 de substrat, climat local, alimentation \u00e9lectrique et objectifs de production.<\/p><p>Pour une configuration sur mesure, consultez notre <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">service de personnalisation industrielle<\/a>. Des exemples d\u2019applications et de projets peuvent aussi \u00eatre consult\u00e9s dans nos <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">r\u00e9alisations de culture contr\u00f4l\u00e9e<\/a>. Cette pr\u00e9paration facilite le choix de la plage de CO\u2082, du nombre de sondes, du d\u00e9bit d\u2019air, de la puissance de traitement thermique et des options d\u2019alarme.<\/p><h3>Tendances 2026 pour les champignonni\u00e8res fran\u00e7aises<\/h3><p>Les projets les plus avanc\u00e9s associent r\u00e9duction des pertes thermiques, ventilateurs \u00e0 vitesse variable, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de chaleur, sondes multipoints, maintenance pr\u00e9ventive et pilotage par recettes. L\u2019\u00e9volution r\u00e9glementaire et les attentes des distributeurs favorisent \u00e9galement la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9, la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et l\u2019utilisation plus rationnelle de l\u2019eau. Les producteurs qui mesurent r\u00e9ellement le CO\u2082 dans les racks, plut\u00f4t que de ventiler \u00e0 l\u2019aveugle, disposent d\u2019un avantage concret pour stabiliser la qualit\u00e9.<\/p><p>La proximit\u00e9 des march\u00e9s de consommation de l\u2019\u00cele-de-France, de la m\u00e9tropole lyonnaise, de Bordeaux, de Rennes et de Lille encourage aussi le d\u00e9veloppement de petites unit\u00e9s urbaines ou p\u00e9riurbaines. Dans ce contexte, les conteneurs et salles modulaires permettent d\u2019installer une production contr\u00f4l\u00e9e avec un encombrement limit\u00e9, \u00e0 condition de dimensionner correctement la ventilation et le traitement de l\u2019humidit\u00e9.<\/p><h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2><h3>Quel niveau de CO\u2082 faut-il viser dans une champignonni\u00e8re ?<\/h3><p>Le niveau d\u00e9pend de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, de la souche et du stade de d\u00e9veloppement. L\u2019incubation tol\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus de CO\u2082 que la fructification. Il faut suivre les recommandations de la recette culturale et ajuster \u00e0 partir de la morphologie, du rendement et de mesures r\u00e9elles dans les rayonnages.<\/p><h3>Une seule sonde de CO\u2082 est-elle suffisante ?<\/h3><p>Dans une petite salle homog\u00e8ne, une sonde bien positionn\u00e9e peut convenir. Dans une salle longue, un conteneur tr\u00e8s charg\u00e9 ou une installation avec plusieurs rang\u00e9es, il est pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable d\u2019ajouter des sondes de v\u00e9rification afin de d\u00e9tecter les zones stagnantes.<\/p><h3>Pourquoi le CO\u2082 reste-t-il \u00e9lev\u00e9 malgr\u00e9 l\u2019extracteur ?<\/h3><p>Les causes fr\u00e9quentes sont un volet bloqu\u00e9, un filtre obstru\u00e9, un d\u00e9bit d\u2019admission insuffisant, un ventilateur mal dimensionn\u00e9, une gaine mal r\u00e9partie ou une sonde plac\u00e9e dans une zone non repr\u00e9sentative. Un relev\u00e9 multipoint permet souvent d\u2019identifier le probl\u00e8me.<\/p><h3>Comment \u00e9viter que la ventilation dess\u00e8che les champignons ?<\/h3><p>Utilisez une ventilation progressive selon la demande, \u00e9vitez les jets d\u2019air directs, adaptez l\u2019humidification \u00e0 l\u2019ouverture des volets et v\u00e9rifiez la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019air entrant. L\u2019objectif est de renouveler l\u2019air sans cr\u00e9er de courant d\u2019air sec sur les cultures.<\/p><h3>Que doit faire le syst\u00e8me lorsqu\u2019un capteur tombe en panne ?<\/h3><p>Il doit signaler le d\u00e9faut, enregistrer l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement et activer un mode de ventilation s\u00e9curis\u00e9. Le mode de secours ne remplace pas la r\u00e9paration : la sonde doit \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e ou remplac\u00e9e rapidement pour retrouver une r\u00e9gulation pr\u00e9cise.<\/p><h3>Comment choisir un fournisseur pour un projet en France ?<\/h3><p>V\u00e9rifiez l\u2019exp\u00e9rience en culture contr\u00f4l\u00e9e, la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 dimensionner le syst\u00e8me, les essais avant exp\u00e9dition, la disponibilit\u00e9 des pi\u00e8ces, l\u2019assistance \u00e0 l\u2019installation et la possibilit\u00e9 de personnaliser les \u00e9quipements. Demandez une proposition bas\u00e9e sur votre volume, vos racks, votre climat et vos esp\u00e8ces.<\/p>","it-title":"Controllo della CO\u2082 nei funghi: guida pratica in Italia","it-meta":"Guida al controllo della CO\u2082 nei funghi in Italia: sensori, ventilazione, umidit\u00e0, allarmi, rack e soluzioni per coltivazioni professionali.","it-content":"<h2>Risposta rapida<\/h2><p>Il controllo della CO\u2082 in una coltivazione di funghi non consiste semplicemente nell\u2019accendere un ventilatore quando il valore supera una soglia. Un sistema efficace misura la concentrazione in punti rappresentativi, interpreta la respirazione del substrato e regola insieme presa d\u2019aria esterna, serrande, ventilatori di ricircolo e scarico.<\/p><p>Durante la crescita, il micelio e i corpi fruttiferi consumano ossigeno e producono anidride carbonica. Se l\u2019aria non viene rinnovata, la CO\u2082 aumenta, la morfologia dei funghi pu\u00f2 peggiorare e la qualit\u00e0 commerciale diventa meno uniforme. Un ricambio eccessivo, tuttavia, pu\u00f2 abbassare l\u2019umidit\u00e0 relativa, aumentare i consumi energetici e creare correnti dannose.<\/p><p>Per una sala professionale in Italia, la configurazione consigliata comprende:<\/p><ul><li>un sensore di CO\u2082 calibrato e adatto all\u2019intervallo previsto;<\/li><li>una sonda collocata all\u2019altezza effettiva dei ripiani coltivati, lontano dal getto diretto;<\/li><li>un regolatore con banda proporzionale o isteresi, non soltanto un comando acceso\/spento;<\/li><li>serranda dell\u2019aria esterna, ventilatore di immissione e ventilatore di estrazione coordinati;<\/li><li>controllo simultaneo di temperatura, umidit\u00e0 relativa e pressione della sala;<\/li><li>allarmi per valore alto, sensore guasto, perdita di comunicazione e ventilatore non operativo.<\/li><\/ul><p>La scelta del campo di misura dipende dalla specie, dalla fase di coltivazione e dalla ventilazione. Un sensore con fondo scala troppo basso pu\u00f2 saturare; uno eccessivamente ampio pu\u00f2 offrire una risoluzione insufficiente nell\u2019intervallo realmente utilizzato. Per questo \u00e8 importante definire prima i valori attesi, la posizione dei rack e la portata dell\u2019impianto.<\/p><h2>Come la respirazione dei funghi modifica la CO\u2082<\/h2><p>La respirazione \u00e8 un processo naturale e continuo. Il substrato colonizzato, il micelio e i funghi in sviluppo liberano CO\u2082, mentre la velocit\u00e0 di produzione cambia in base alla temperatura, al contenuto d\u2019acqua, alla quantit\u00e0 di materiale presente e alla fase produttiva. Una sala appena caricata pu\u00f2 comportarsi in modo molto diverso da una sala piena di blocchi o cassette mature.<\/p><p>Nella fase di incubazione, il ricambio d\u2019aria pu\u00f2 essere pi\u00f9 contenuto se la ricetta di coltivazione lo consente. Nella fruttificazione, invece, la respirazione aumenta e la richiesta di aria fresca diventa pi\u00f9 dinamica. Non esiste un unico valore valido per tutte le specie: champignon, pleurotus, shiitake e altre variet\u00e0 reagiscono diversamente alla CO\u2082, alla velocit\u00e0 dell\u2019aria e alla temperatura.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Fase produttiva<\/th><th>Comportamento della CO\u2082<\/th><th>Priorit\u00e0 di controllo<\/th><th>Rischio principale<\/th><th>Risposta consigliata<\/th><th>Dato da registrare<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Riempimento sala<\/td><td>Incremento inizialmente moderato<\/td><td>Stabilit\u00e0 climatica<\/td><td>Distribuzione non uniforme<\/td><td>Avviare ricircolo e verificare la portata<\/td><td>CO\u2082 in pi\u00f9 punti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Incubazione<\/td><td>Aumento progressivo<\/td><td>Temperatura del substrato<\/td><td>Raffreddamento eccessivo<\/td><td>Limitare il ricambio secondo la ricetta<\/td><td>Temperatura aria e blocco<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Formazione dei primordi<\/td><td>Variazioni pi\u00f9 rapide<\/td><td>Aria fresca controllata<\/td><td>Stress da correnti<\/td><td>Usare incrementi graduali di ventilazione<\/td><td>Media e picco CO\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prima raccolta<\/td><td>Produzione elevata<\/td><td>Uniformit\u00e0 tra ripiani<\/td><td>Zone stagnanti<\/td><td>Aumentare il rinnovo senza asciugare<\/td><td>Valore per altezza<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tra le raccolte<\/td><td>Picchi legati alla respirazione<\/td><td>Risposta rapida<\/td><td>Condensa e qualit\u00e0 irregolare<\/td><td>Coordinare umidificazione e scarico<\/td><td>Durata dei cicli<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fine ciclo<\/td><td>Riduzione graduale<\/td><td>Efficienza energetica<\/td><td>Ventilazione sovradimensionata<\/td><td>Ridurre la portata in funzione del carico<\/td><td>Consumo elettrico<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Il valore letto dal sensore non deve essere interpretato isolatamente. Se la CO\u2082 aumenta insieme alla temperatura del substrato, la causa pu\u00f2 essere una respirazione intensa. Se aumenta soltanto in una parte della sala, \u00e8 pi\u00f9 probabile un problema di distribuzione dell\u2019aria, ostruzione di un canale o posizione errata della sonda.<\/p><p>Un regolatore evoluto utilizza la CO\u2082 come variabile di domanda, ma mantiene limiti indipendenti per temperatura e umidit\u00e0. In questo modo l\u2019aria fresca viene introdotta quando serve, senza trasformare ogni variazione del sensore in una ventilazione aggressiva.<\/p><h2>Scelta del campo di misura e posizionamento dei sensori<\/h2><p>La selezione del sensore deve partire dall\u2019intervallo operativo reale. Per una piccola camera con valori relativamente bassi pu\u00f2 essere utile una sonda con campo pi\u00f9 ristretto e buona risoluzione. In una sala con carico elevato, fasi diverse o ventilazione irregolare, \u00e8 preferibile un campo pi\u00f9 ampio, capace di gestire i picchi senza saturare.<\/p><p>La tecnologia a infrarossi non dispersiva \u00e8 generalmente adatta alla misura continua della CO\u2082 nelle sale di coltivazione, purch\u00e9 il sensore sia protetto dalla condensa e sottoposto a una corretta verifica. La precisione dichiarata dal produttore deve essere valutata insieme alla stabilit\u00e0 nel tempo, alla compensazione della temperatura e alla facilit\u00e0 di calibrazione.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tipo di sala<\/th><th>Campo indicativo<\/th><th>Posizione della sonda<\/th><th>Numero iniziale<\/th><th>Controllo necessario<\/th><th>Errore da evitare<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Piccola camera sperimentale<\/td><td>Basso o medio<\/td><td>Zona centrale dei ripiani<\/td><td>Una pi\u00f9 sonda portatile<\/td><td>Confronto settimanale<\/td><td>Installarla vicino alla porta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sala con rack singolo<\/td><td>Medio<\/td><td>Altezza del prodotto<\/td><td>Una in aspirazione indiretta<\/td><td>Verifica con strumento campione<\/td><td>Esporla al getto di mandata<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sala con rack multipli<\/td><td>Medio o ampio<\/td><td>Centro e zona pi\u00f9 lontana<\/td><td>Due o pi\u00f9<\/td><td>Mappatura per livelli<\/td><td>Usare una sola lettura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Camera ad alta densit\u00e0<\/td><td>Ampio<\/td><td>Tra i corridoi dei rack<\/td><td>Pi\u00f9 punti<\/td><td>Controllo dei picchi<\/td><td>Ignorare le zone stagnanti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Container modulare<\/td><td>Medio o ampio<\/td><td>Canale di ritorno protetto<\/td><td>Una per modulo<\/td><td>Test durante carico massimo<\/td><td>Montarla sull\u2019aria esterna<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Impianto multi-camera<\/td><td>Secondo la ricetta<\/td><td>Un punto rappresentativo per camera<\/td><td>Una o pi\u00f9 per ambiente<\/td><td>Confronto tra camere<\/td><td>Condividere una sonda tra sale<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La sonda dovrebbe trovarsi lontano da finestre, porte, evaporatori, ugelli di nebulizzazione e bocchette di mandata. Non deve essere coperta da sacchi, scaffalature o pannelli. \u00c8 utile installarla in una posizione accessibile per la manutenzione, ma non soggetta a urti durante il carico e lo scarico.<\/p><p>In ambienti umidi, la protezione contro la condensa \u00e8 fondamentale. Un filtro idrofobico, un orientamento adeguato e una schermatura meccanica riducono il rischio di letture instabili. La calibrazione in aria esterna pu\u00f2 essere utilizzata soltanto quando la procedura del produttore lo consente; in caso contrario \u00e8 preferibile una calibrazione con gas di riferimento o una verifica presso un laboratorio qualificato.<\/p><p>Per impianti installati in Lombardia, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna o Puglia, la scelta deve considerare anche le condizioni stagionali. L\u2019aria esterna di Milano in inverno, quella umida della pianura padana e l\u2019aria calda delle aree costiere vicino a Bari o Napoli impongono strategie diverse per temperatura e umidit\u00e0.<\/p><h2>Controllo dell\u2019aria fresca in base alla domanda<\/h2><p>Il controllo in base alla domanda regola la portata di aria fresca in funzione della CO\u2082 misurata. Quando il valore \u00e8 vicino al punto impostato, il ventilatore pu\u00f2 funzionare a velocit\u00e0 ridotta. Quando la concentrazione sale, la portata aumenta gradualmente. Questo approccio riduce gli sbalzi, il rumore e il consumo elettrico rispetto a cicli fissi sempre uguali.<\/p><p>Un\u2019impostazione pratica comprende un valore obiettivo, una banda di modulazione, un limite massimo e un tempo minimo di funzionamento. Il valore obiettivo deve essere definito dal tecnico di coltivazione in base alla specie e alla fase. Il limite massimo protegge la qualit\u00e0 del prodotto; il tempo minimo evita continui avviamenti e arresti.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Parametro<\/th><th>Funzione<\/th><th>Impostazione da valutare<\/th><th>Effetto corretto<\/th><th>Segnale di errore<\/th><th>Azione tecnica<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Valore obiettivo<\/td><td>Definisce la concentrazione desiderata<\/td><td>Secondo specie e fase<\/td><td>Produzione uniforme<\/td><td>Obiettivo copiato da un\u2019altra sala<\/td><td>Rivedere la ricetta<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Banda proporzionale<\/td><td>Modula la portata<\/td><td>Stretta ma stabile<\/td><td>Regolazione progressiva<\/td><td>Ventola sempre al massimo<\/td><td>Ampliare o ritarare la banda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Isteresi<\/td><td>Evita commutazioni continue<\/td><td>Compatibile con l\u2019inerzia ambiente<\/td><td>Meno avviamenti<\/td><td>Comandi troppo frequenti<\/td><td>Aumentare l\u2019isteresi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portata minima<\/td><td>Mantiene il ricambio di base<\/td><td>Compatibile con il carico<\/td><td>Assenza di ristagni<\/td><td>Valori locali molto alti<\/td><td>Verificare distribuzione<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portata massima<\/td><td>Limita il ricambio intenso<\/td><td>Compatibile con umidificatore<\/td><td>Risposta ai picchi<\/td><td>Umidit\u00e0 che crolla<\/td><td>Ridurre o compensare<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tempo minimo<\/td><td>Protegge il motore<\/td><td>Secondo il ventilatore<\/td><td>Funzionamento regolare<\/td><td>Numerosi cicli brevi<\/td><td>Impostare un ritardo<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Il regolatore dovrebbe considerare anche la velocit\u00e0 del ventilatore. Un motore a velocit\u00e0 variabile permette una correzione pi\u00f9 morbida, mentre un semplice comando a due livelli richiede un\u2019isteresi pi\u00f9 ampia. In entrambi i casi, il sistema deve continuare a garantire un ricambio minimo quando il sensore \u00e8 stabile, perch\u00e9 la lettura di una sola sonda non descrive sempre l\u2019intera sala.<\/p><p>Per progetti commerciali, il controllo pu\u00f2 essere integrato nel <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">regolatore climatico intelligente per funghi<\/a>, collegando CO\u2082, temperatura, umidit\u00e0, ventilatori e allarmi. Il vantaggio \u00e8 la registrazione degli andamenti, utile per confrontare raccolti, carichi e consumi.<\/p><h2>Coordinamento di serrande, ventilatori ed estrazione<\/h2><p>La ventilazione funziona correttamente soltanto quando tutti i componenti rispondono allo stesso comando. Aprire la serranda dell\u2019aria esterna senza avviare il ventilatore di immissione pu\u00f2 creare depressione eccessiva. Attivare lo scarico senza un percorso d\u2019ingresso controllato pu\u00f2 richiamare aria da porte, fessure o aree non igieniche.<\/p><p>Una sequenza tipica pu\u00f2 essere la seguente: verifica della disponibilit\u00e0 del sistema, apertura graduale della serranda, avvio dell\u2019immissione, stabilizzazione del flusso e successivo avvio dell\u2019estrazione. Al termine, l\u2019estrazione si riduce, la serranda torna in posizione minima e il ricircolo continua per uniformare temperatura e umidit\u00e0.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Segnale ricevuto<\/th><th>Risposta richiesta<\/th><th>Verifica<\/th><th>Guasto possibile<\/th><th>Protezione<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Serranda aria esterna<\/td><td>Domanda di ricambio<\/td><td>Apertura modulante<\/td><td>Posizione reale<\/td><td>Blocco meccanico<\/td><td>Allarme di posizione<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilatore di mandata<\/td><td>Comando di portata<\/td><td>Avvio o variazione velocit\u00e0<\/td><td>Pressione e assorbimento<\/td><td>Motore fermo<\/td><td>Contatto di marcia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilatore di estrazione<\/td><td>Richiesta di scarico<\/td><td>Portata coordinata<\/td><td>Flusso o pressione<\/td><td>Filtro ostruito<\/td><td>Allarme differenziale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilatore di ricircolo<\/td><td>Uniformit\u00e0 ambiente<\/td><td>Funzionamento continuo o modulato<\/td><td>Velocit\u00e0 effettiva<\/td><td>Zona stagnante<\/td><td>Ridondanza o fermo sicuro<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Filtro aria<\/td><td>Passaggio dell\u2019aria<\/td><td>Resistenza contenuta<\/td><td>Perdita di carico<\/td><td>Saturazione<\/td><td>Programma di sostituzione<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regolatore climatico<\/td><td>CO\u2082 e variabili ambientali<\/td><td>Sequenza coordinata<\/td><td>Registro eventi<\/td><td>Perdita di comunicazione<\/td><td>Modalit\u00e0 manuale sicura<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La pressione della sala deve essere valutata in rapporto alla pulizia, alla struttura e al tipo di coltivazione. Una leggera pressione positiva pu\u00f2 limitare l\u2019ingresso di polvere da aree esterne, ma non deve causare perdite di umidit\u00e0 o difficolt\u00e0 nell\u2019apertura delle porte. I valori dipendono dal progetto dell\u2019edificio e devono essere verificati da un installatore qualificato.<\/p><p>Le portate non si possono dedurre soltanto dalla potenza nominale dei ventilatori. Occorre considerare volume della camera, lunghezza dei canali, curve, filtri, serrande, perdite di carico e densit\u00e0 dei rack. Prima dell\u2019avviamento \u00e8 utile misurare il flusso nelle bocchette e confrontare i dati con il progetto.<\/p><h2>Mantenere l\u2019umidit\u00e0 durante il ricambio d\u2019aria<\/h2><p>Ogni ricambio di aria esterna pu\u00f2 modificare l\u2019umidit\u00e0 relativa. In inverno, l\u2019aria esterna fredda pu\u00f2 contenere poca acqua assoluta e asciugare rapidamente la sala dopo il riscaldamento. In estate, l\u2019aria pu\u00f2 essere calda e umida, ma introdurre un carico latente elevato che richiede deumidificazione.<\/p><p>Per questo la regolazione della CO\u2082 deve essere coordinata con umidificatori, batterie di raffreddamento, pompe di calore e ventilatori. Aumentare la ventilazione senza compensare l\u2019umidit\u00e0 pu\u00f2 causare bordi secchi, perdita di peso, qualit\u00e0 irregolare e maggiore formazione di condensa in punti freddi.<\/p><p>La strategia migliore \u00e8 usare incrementi graduali e controllare la risposta dopo ogni modifica. Se la CO\u2082 cresce ma l\u2019umidit\u00e0 \u00e8 gi\u00e0 prossima al limite minimo, il regolatore pu\u00f2 aumentare il ricircolo e preparare l\u2019umidificazione, evitando un\u2019improvvisa apertura massima della serranda.<\/p><h3>Gestione stagionale in Italia<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Nord Italia in inverno:<\/strong> controllare il rischio di aria troppo secca e proteggere le batterie dal gelo.<\/li><li><strong>Pianura padana in estate:<\/strong> considerare temperatura elevata, umidit\u00e0 assoluta e rischio di condensa.<\/li><li><strong>Zone costiere:<\/strong> verificare sale, aerosol marino e maggiore corrosione dei componenti metallici.<\/li><li><strong>Centro e Sud Italia:<\/strong> prevedere una capacit\u00e0 di raffreddamento adeguata nei periodi caldi e ventilazione notturna controllata.<\/li><li><strong>Locali riconvertiti:<\/strong> controllare isolamento, ponti termici e tenuta delle porte prima di aumentare la portata.<\/li><\/ul><p>Le pompe di calore ad aria possono contribuire al controllo integrato della temperatura, soprattutto quando sono abbinate a una regolazione climatica coordinata. Per impianti nuovi o ampliamenti \u00e8 possibile valutare soluzioni modulari, come un <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">container intelligente per la coltivazione dei funghi<\/a>, che riunisce involucro isolato, distribuzione dell\u2019aria e supervisione in uno spazio pi\u00f9 facilmente controllabile.<\/p><h2>Impostazioni degli allarmi e modalit\u00e0 di guasto delle sonde<\/h2><p>Un allarme utile deve indicare un problema concreto e suggerire una risposta. Soglie troppo sensibili generano allarmi continui, mentre soglie troppo ampie ritardano l\u2019intervento. \u00c8 consigliabile distinguere tra avviso, allarme alto, allarme critico e guasto del sensore.<\/p><p>L\u2019allarme di CO\u2082 alta dovrebbe avere un ritardo configurabile, perch\u00e9 un breve picco durante l\u2019apertura di una porta non equivale a un problema persistente. Al contrario, un sensore scollegato o bloccato richiede una segnalazione immediata e una modalit\u00e0 di sicurezza che mantenga un ricambio minimo.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Evento<\/th><th>Indicazione<\/th><th>Ritardo possibile<\/th><th>Risposta automatica<\/th><th>Controllo dell\u2019operatore<\/th><th>Esito sicuro<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082 sopra il valore di avviso<\/td><td>Tendenza crescente<\/td><td>Breve<\/td><td>Aumentare gradualmente il ricambio<\/td><td>Controllare porte e carico<\/td><td>Rientro senza eccessiva asciugatura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 sopra il limite critico<\/td><td>Rischio per la coltura<\/td><td>Minimo<\/td><td>Portata elevata controllata<\/td><td>Ispezione immediata<\/td><td>Ventilazione di emergenza<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sonda scollegata<\/td><td>Nessun segnale<\/td><td>Immediato<\/td><td>Passaggio a ricambio minimo<\/td><td>Verifica cavo e morsetti<\/td><td>Comando manuale protetto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lettura bloccata<\/td><td>Valore invariato troppo a lungo<\/td><td>Configurabile<\/td><td>Confronto con sonda secondaria<\/td><td>Misura portatile<\/td><td>Riduzione del rischio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ventilatore non operativo<\/td><td>Comando senza conferma<\/td><td>Breve<\/td><td>Avvio di riserva se disponibile<\/td><td>Controllo elettrico<\/td><td>Allarme locale e remoto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Serranda non in posizione<\/td><td>Movimento incompleto<\/td><td>Breve<\/td><td>Limitazione della richiesta<\/td><td>Ispezione meccanica<\/td><td>Prevenzione della depressione<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La modalit\u00e0 di guasto non dovrebbe spegnere tutto l\u2019impianto senza valutare il contesto. Se la sonda CO\u2082 non funziona, il regolatore pu\u00f2 utilizzare un programma temporizzato prudente, una seconda sonda o una portata minima fissa. La scelta dipende dalla specie, dalla densit\u00e0 del carico e dalle procedure interne di sicurezza.<\/p><p>\u00c8 importante registrare data, durata, valore massimo, componente coinvolto e azione intrapresa. Questi dati aiutano a distinguere un problema di processo da un guasto ricorrente. La verifica periodica deve comprendere alimentazione, cablaggio, comunicazione, protezione dall\u2019acqua e confronto con uno strumento portatile.<\/p><h2>Controllare la CO\u2082 tra i rack caricati<\/h2><p>Una sala pu\u00f2 mostrare un valore corretto sul display e avere comunque zone con concentrazioni molto diverse. I rack ostacolano il movimento dell\u2019aria, i ripiani inferiori possono ricevere meno ricambio e gli angoli lontani dalle bocchette possono diventare punti di accumulo.<\/p><p>La mappatura deve essere eseguita con la sala caricata nelle condizioni reali di lavoro. \u00c8 utile misurare almeno il corridoio centrale, le estremit\u00e0 dei rack, il livello basso, quello centrale e quello alto. Le misure vanno ripetute dopo l\u2019avvio dell\u2019estrazione, durante il picco di respirazione e dopo la stabilizzazione.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Punto di misura<\/th><th>Perch\u00e9 controllarlo<\/th><th>Momento consigliato<\/th><th>Possibile anomalia<\/th><th>Intervento<\/th><th>Frequenza<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vicino alla mandata<\/td><td>Verifica dell\u2019aria immessa<\/td><td>Durante il ricambio<\/td><td>Valore troppo basso o instabile<\/td><td>Controllare miscelazione<\/td><td>Ad ogni nuova configurazione<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Centro della sala<\/td><td>Rappresenta la zona media<\/td><td>In regime stabile<\/td><td>Scostamento dal regolatore<\/td><td>Riposizionare la sonda<\/td><td>Settimanale iniziale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estremit\u00e0 del rack<\/td><td>Individua ristagni<\/td><td>Al carico massimo<\/td><td>CO\u2082 persistentemente alta<\/td><td>Bilanciare i canali<\/td><td>Ad ogni ciclo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ripiano inferiore<\/td><td>Controlla la stratificazione<\/td><td>Prima raccolta<\/td><td>Accumulo locale<\/td><td>Aumentare ricircolo<\/td><td>Periodica<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ripiano superiore<\/td><td>Verifica la zona calda<\/td><td>Con temperatura elevata<\/td><td>Aria troppo calda<\/td><td>Rivedere distribuzione<\/td><td>Periodica<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ritorno dell\u2019aria<\/td><td>Misura la miscela ambientale<\/td><td>Prima e dopo il filtro<\/td><td>Filtro ostruito o bypass<\/td><td>Manutenzione del filtro<\/td><td>Mensile<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Per una verifica manuale, l\u2019operatore dovrebbe attendere che il misuratore si stabilizzi in ogni punto, annotare temperatura e umidit\u00e0 insieme alla CO\u2082 e mantenere la stessa altezza della sonda. Le differenze tra punti devono essere interpretate considerando il tempo trascorso dalla modifica della portata.<\/p><p>Se uno scostamento \u00e8 ripetibile, le cause pi\u00f9 frequenti sono una bocchetta ostruita, una serranda non bilanciata, un filtro sporco, un ventilatore sottodimensionato o un layout dei rack che impedisce il flusso. Prima di cambiare le soglie del regolatore, conviene correggere la distribuzione fisica dell\u2019aria.<\/p><h2>Mercato italiano, tipologie di prodotto e criteri di acquisto<\/h2><p>In Italia la domanda di automazione per coltivazioni di funghi cresce insieme all\u2019interesse per produzioni locali, riduzione degli sprechi e controllo dei consumi. Le aziende della Lombardia e del Veneto spesso cercano sistemi capaci di gestire pi\u00f9 sale; i produttori dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna richiedono continuit\u00e0 e assistenza rapida; nel Centro-Sud \u00e8 importante affrontare temperature estive e costi energetici.<\/p><p>I prodotti disponibili comprendono regolatori autonomi, sistemi con pannello di controllo, sensori collegati a reti industriali, unit\u00e0 compatte per camere singole e impianti modulari per container. La scelta non deve basarsi soltanto sul prezzo del sensore, perch\u00e9 il risultato dipende da installazione, taratura, attuatori e servizio post-vendita.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Soluzione<\/th><th>Applicazione<\/th><th>Vantaggio<\/th><th>Limite<\/th><th>Acquirente tipico<\/th><th>Verifica prima dell\u2019ordine<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regolatore per una sala<\/td><td>Piccola produzione<\/td><td>Semplicit\u00e0<\/td><td>Espansione limitata<\/td><td>Azienda agricola<\/td><td>Ingressi e uscite disponibili<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sistema per pi\u00f9 camere<\/td><td>Stabilimento professionale<\/td><td>Supervisione centralizzata<\/td><td>Progetto pi\u00f9 complesso<\/td><td>Coltivatore industriale<\/td><td>Compatibilit\u00e0 di rete<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unit\u00e0 modulare<\/td><td>Avvio rapido<\/td><td>Installazione standardizzata<\/td><td>Spazio interno definito<\/td><td>Investitore o cooperativa<\/td><td>Isolamento e trasporto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Controllo con sensori multipli<\/td><td>Rack ad alta densit\u00e0<\/td><td>Maggiore uniformit\u00e0<\/td><td>Pi\u00f9 manutenzione<\/td><td>Centro di ricerca<\/td><td>Calibrazione e gestione dati<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Soluzione personalizzata<\/td><td>Impianti esistenti<\/td><td>Adattamento al fabbricato<\/td><td>Tempi di progetto<\/td><td>Societ\u00e0 d\u2019ingegneria<\/td><td>Sopralluogo e schema funzionale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pacchetto con assistenza<\/td><td>Nuova installazione<\/td><td>Supporto completo<\/td><td>Investimento iniziale maggiore<\/td><td>Appaltatore agricolo<\/td><td>Ricambi e tempi di intervento<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Prima dell\u2019acquisto, richiedere lo schema dei collegamenti, il campo dei sensori, la classe di protezione, le condizioni ambientali ammesse, i protocolli di comunicazione, la disponibilit\u00e0 dei ricambi e la procedura di avviamento. Per impianti destinati a clienti italiani, \u00e8 utile definire chiaramente documentazione tecnica, marcatura applicabile, tensione elettrica, manuali in italiano e responsabilit\u00e0 dell\u2019installazione.<\/p><p>La logistica pu\u00f2 incidere sui tempi. Per aziende che operano vicino ai porti di Genova, La Spezia, Venezia o Trieste, \u00e8 importante coordinare consegna, sdoganamento e trasporto fino alla camera di coltivazione. Per progetti nell\u2019area di Milano, Bologna, Verona o Torino, la disponibilit\u00e0 di tecnici e ricambi pu\u00f2 essere un criterio importante quanto la prestazione nominale.<\/p><h2>Settori e applicazioni della regolazione della CO\u2082<\/h2><p>Il controllo della respirazione trova applicazione in aziende agricole, cooperative, laboratori di ricerca, vivai specializzati, stabilimenti alimentari e progetti di agricoltura urbana. La scala cambia, ma i principi restano gli stessi: misurare in modo rappresentativo, ventilare con gradualit\u00e0 e mantenere stabile il microclima.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Coltivazione commerciale:<\/strong> automatizzazione delle sale, riduzione degli interventi manuali e controllo dei cicli.<\/li><li><strong>Produzione per ristorazione:<\/strong> maggiore uniformit\u00e0 di forma, consistenza e freschezza.<\/li><li><strong>Laboratori didattici:<\/strong> visualizzazione dei rapporti tra substrato, respirazione e aria.<\/li><li><strong>Impianti verticali:<\/strong> compensazione delle differenze tra livelli e corridoi.<\/li><li><strong>Camere modulari:<\/strong> replicazione di una ricetta climatica in pi\u00f9 unit\u00e0.<\/li><li><strong>Progetti di ricerca:<\/strong> raccolta dati per confrontare substrati, temperature e strategie d\u2019aria.<\/li><\/ul><p>La stessa architettura pu\u00f2 controllare anche temperatura, umidit\u00e0 e pressione. Nei progetti pi\u00f9 avanzati, i dati vengono storicizzati per correlare l\u2019andamento della CO\u2082 con resa, tempi di raccolta, peso vendibile e consumo energetico. Questa analisi permette di passare da soglie generiche a ricette specifiche per prodotto e stagione.<\/p><h2>Casi applicativi e fornitori locali<\/h2><p>Un caso tipico riguarda una sala con quattro file di rack e una sola sonda montata vicino al ritorno dell\u2019aria. Il display mostrava valori accettabili, ma le misure sul ripiano inferiore dell\u2019ultima fila indicavano una concentrazione pi\u00f9 elevata. La correzione non \u00e8 stata soltanto l\u2019aumento della ventilazione: sono stati bilanciati i canali, spostata la sonda in una posizione pi\u00f9 rappresentativa e introdotto un ricircolo continuo a bassa velocit\u00e0.<\/p><p>In un altro scenario, un produttore dell\u2019area di Verona utilizzava ricambi fissi durante l\u2019inverno. L\u2019umidit\u00e0 scendeva rapidamente dopo ogni ciclo e il prodotto perdeva peso. L\u2019introduzione di un controllo proporzionale, insieme a un umidificatore coordinato e a un tempo minimo di funzionamento, ha permesso di ridurre gli sbalzi senza compromettere il rinnovo dell\u2019aria.<\/p><p>Per individuare un fornitore in Italia, \u00e8 consigliabile chiedere esperienza documentata in camere umide, capacit\u00e0 di eseguire il bilanciamento dell\u2019aria e disponibilit\u00e0 di assistenza dopo l\u2019avviamento. Un fornitore locale pu\u00f2 occuparsi dell\u2019installazione elettrica e aeraulica, mentre il produttore del sistema pu\u00f2 fornire progetto, componenti, configurazione e supporto remoto.<\/p><p>Lanhu collabora con appaltatori agricoli, distributori di apparecchiature, societ\u00e0 d\u2019ingegneria e aziende di coltivazione internazionali. La possibilit\u00e0 di unire progettazione, produzione dei pannelli isolanti, lavorazione della lamiera, assemblaggio elettrico, integrazione e collaudo facilita la realizzazione di soluzioni coerenti. Per esempi di progetti e configurazioni \u00e8 possibile consultare la <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">raccolta dei progetti per la coltivazione controllata<\/a>.<\/p><h2>La nostra azienda<\/h2><p>Lanhu \u00e8 un produttore cinese di apparecchiature per il controllo climatico agricolo e industriale, con sede a Dezhou, nella provincia di Shandong. L\u2019azienda sviluppa regolatori per camere di funghi, container modulari, sistemi idroponici e pompe di calore ad aria destinati a progetti professionali in diversi mercati.<\/p><h3>Competenze tecnologiche<\/h3><p>Il gruppo dispone di oltre dodici anni di esperienza nella ricerca termodinamica e di numerosi brevetti registrati. Le competenze includono controllo della temperatura, gestione dell\u2019umidit\u00e0, rinnovo dell\u2019aria, automazione dei ventilatori, integrazione dei sensori e supervisione delle condizioni di coltivazione. La progettazione pu\u00f2 essere adattata a specie, carico, dimensione della camera e ricetta produttiva.<\/p><h3>Capacit\u00e0 produttive<\/h3><p>Lo stabilimento supera i 30.000 metri quadrati e riunisce progettazione, sviluppo tecnico, lavorazione della lamiera, piegatura a controllo numerico, produzione di pannelli isolanti, assemblaggio elettrico, integrazione dei sistemi e collaudo. Prima della spedizione, le unit\u00e0 vengono sottoposte a verifiche funzionali, controlli elettrici, prove delle prestazioni e valutazioni operative.<\/p><h3>Servizi per il progetto<\/h3><p>Lanhu offre fornitura diretta dalla fabbrica, personalizzazione per marchi e progetti, supporto ingegneristico, assistenza nella logistica internazionale, ricambi, indicazioni per l\u2019installazione e servizio post-vendita. Le certificazioni dei sistemi di gestione comprendono qualit\u00e0, ambiente, salute e sicurezza sul lavoro, oltre alla sicurezza del macchinario. Per una configurazione su misura \u00e8 disponibile il <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">servizio di personalizzazione per produttori e progettisti<\/a>.<\/p><p>Per un progetto destinato all\u2019Italia, il capitolato dovrebbe indicare tipo di sensore, campo di misura, numero delle sonde, logica degli allarmi, portate d\u2019aria, requisiti elettrici, materiali, isolamento, documentazione e responsabilit\u00e0 dell\u2019avviamento. Una definizione precisa riduce modifiche in cantiere e facilita la formazione degli operatori.<\/p><h2>Tendenze dal 2026: tecnologia, normativa e sostenibilit\u00e0<\/h2><p>Dal 2026 il controllo della CO\u2082 nelle coltivazioni professionali tender\u00e0 a diventare pi\u00f9 predittivo. I regolatori potranno combinare storico della respirazione, temperatura del substrato, peso del carico, umidit\u00e0 e calendario di raccolta per anticipare i picchi invece di reagire soltanto dopo il superamento della soglia.<\/p><p>Un\u2019altra direzione riguarda la manutenzione basata sui dati. L\u2019aumento della perdita di carico, la riduzione della portata o una differenza crescente tra sensori possono segnalare filtri saturi, ventilatori usurati o distribuzione non equilibrata. La diagnosi anticipata limita i fermi e protegge la produzione.<\/p><p>La sostenibilit\u00e0 sar\u00e0 legata al recupero energetico, alla modulazione dei ventilatori, all\u2019isolamento dei locali e alla riduzione dei ricambi non necessari. In Italia, l\u2019attenzione ai consumi elettrici e alla gestione del refrigerante render\u00e0 sempre pi\u00f9 importanti pompe di calore efficienti, motori a velocit\u00e0 variabile e registrazione dei consumi per lotto.<\/p><p>Anche la tracciabilit\u00e0 avr\u00e0 un ruolo maggiore. Registrare CO\u2082, temperatura, umidit\u00e0, allarmi e interventi consente di dimostrare la stabilit\u00e0 del processo e migliorare le procedure interne. Le aziende dovranno inoltre valutare requisiti di sicurezza elettrica, protezione dei lavoratori, gestione dei dati e conformit\u00e0 dell\u2019impianto in relazione alla normativa applicabile.<\/p><h2>Domande frequenti<\/h2><h3>Qual \u00e8 il valore ideale di CO\u2082 per tutti i funghi?<\/h3><p>Non esiste un valore universale. La soglia dipende dalla specie, dal ceppo, dalla fase di coltivazione, dal substrato e dall\u2019obiettivo commerciale. Il valore deve essere definito con il responsabile agronomico e verificato osservando sia la lettura strumentale sia la qualit\u00e0 del prodotto.<\/p><h3>\u00c8 sufficiente un solo sensore in una sala?<\/h3><p>Pu\u00f2 essere sufficiente in una piccola camera ben miscelata, ma non \u00e8 una regola generale. Le sale con pi\u00f9 rack, corridoi lunghi o carico elevato richiedono una mappatura con pi\u00f9 punti e, spesso, almeno una seconda sonda per confermare la distribuzione.<\/p><h3>Dove non bisogna installare la sonda?<\/h3><p>Evitate il getto diretto delle bocchette, l\u2019aria appena uscita dall\u2019esterno, le zone vicine a porte e finestre, gli ugelli di nebulizzazione e i punti soggetti a condensa. La sonda deve rappresentare l\u2019aria respirata dai funghi e restare accessibile per manutenzione e verifica.<\/p><h3>La ventilazione continua \u00e8 migliore del controllo automatico?<\/h3><p>La ventilazione continua pu\u00f2 evitare ristagni, ma non \u00e8 sempre efficiente. Un sistema automatico con portata minima e modulazione secondo la CO\u2082 consente di mantenere il ricambio di base aumentando l\u2019aria fresca soltanto quando la respirazione lo richiede.<\/p><h3>Come si protegge l\u2019umidit\u00e0 durante il ricambio?<\/h3><p>Occorre coordinare ventilazione, umidificazione, temperatura e deumidificazione. Aumenti graduali della portata, isolamento corretto e controllo dell\u2019umidit\u00e0 assoluta aiutano a evitare asciugatura rapida o condensa. La strategia deve essere adattata alla stagione e al clima locale.<\/p><h3>Cosa succede se il sensore si guasta?<\/h3><p>Il regolatore dovrebbe segnalare immediatamente il guasto e passare a una modalit\u00e0 sicura: ricambio minimo temporizzato, uso di una sonda secondaria o comando manuale protetto. L\u2019impostazione deve essere definita durante il progetto, non soltanto dopo il primo problema.<\/p><h3>Con quale frequenza va calibrato il sensore?<\/h3><p>La frequenza dipende dal modello, dall\u2019umidit\u00e0, dalla presenza di polvere e dalle indicazioni del produttore. \u00c8 buona pratica confrontare periodicamente la lettura con uno strumento di riferimento e registrare ogni intervento di calibrazione o sostituzione.<\/p><h3>Il sistema pu\u00f2 essere installato in una struttura esistente?<\/h3><p>S\u00ec, ma prima occorre verificare spazio, alimentazione, canalizzazioni, perdite di carico, isolamento, scarichi di condensa e compatibilit\u00e0 dei segnali. In molti casi \u00e8 possibile integrare un regolatore nuovo con ventilatori e serrande esistenti, purch\u00e9 siano disponibili i necessari controlli e riscontri.<\/p><h3>Quali dati bisogna chiedere al fornitore?<\/h3><p>Richiedete campo e accuratezza dei sensori, grado di protezione, schema elettrico, logica di regolazione, soglie di allarme, gestione dei guasti, portate, compatibilit\u00e0 con l\u2019alimentazione italiana, ricambi, garanzia, documentazione e assistenza per avviamento e formazione.<\/p><p>Un controllo efficace della CO\u2082 nasce dall\u2019integrazione tra misura, distribuzione dell\u2019aria, umidit\u00e0 e gestione operativa. Per aziende italiane che stanno ampliando la produzione o progettando una nuova camera, una soluzione climatica dimensionata sul carico reale offre maggiore affidabilit\u00e0 rispetto a un semplice comando temporizzato. Per valutare un progetto completo, \u00e8 possibile consultare la <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">soluzione di controllo climatico per coltivazioni di funghi<\/a> e richiedere una configurazione coerente con sala, rack, specie e condizioni locali.<\/p>","pl-title":"Sterowanie CO\u2082 w pieczarkarni: czujniki i wentylacja Polska","pl-meta":"Poznaj sterowanie CO\u2082 w pieczarkarni w Polsce: dob\u00f3r czujnik\u00f3w, wentylacji, alarm\u00f3w i wilgotno\u015bci dla stabilnych zbior\u00f3w grzyb\u00f3w.","pl-content":"<h2>Szybka odpowied\u017a<\/h2><p>Skuteczny regulator CO\u2082 w pieczarkarni mierzy rzeczywiste st\u0119\u017cenie dwutlenku w\u0119gla, por\u00f3wnuje je z warto\u015bci\u0105 zadan\u0105 dla aktualnej fazy uprawy i automatycznie uruchamia dop\u0142yw \u015bwie\u017cego powietrza, wentylatory obiegowe lub wyci\u0105g. Najwa\u017cniejsze jest nie samo usuwanie CO\u2082, lecz utrzymanie r\u00f3wnowagi pomi\u0119dzy wymian\u0105 powietrza, wilgotno\u015bci\u0105, temperatur\u0105 oraz r\u00f3wnomierno\u015bci\u0105 mikroklimatu na wszystkich poziomach rega\u0142\u00f3w.<\/p><p>W polskich pieczarkarniach najcz\u0119stszy b\u0142\u0105d polega na zamontowaniu jednego czujnika w miejscu \u0142atwo dost\u0119pnym, lecz niereprezentatywnym dla ca\u0142ej hali. Czujnik zamocowany przy nawiewie, drzwiach, wyci\u0105gu albo nad ogrzewaniem mo\u017ce pokaza\u0107 warto\u015b\u0107 znacznie inn\u0105 ni\u017c przy pod\u0142o\u017cu w centralnej cz\u0119\u015bci za\u0142adowanych rega\u0142\u00f3w. W konsekwencji system reaguje zbyt p\u00f3\u017ano albo zbyt agresywnie, co prowadzi do wysuszania okrywy, spadku plonu, deformacji owocnik\u00f3w i wy\u017cszych koszt\u00f3w energii.<\/p><p>Dobrze zaprojektowane sterowanie powinno obejmowa\u0107: czujnik o odpowiednim zakresie, co najmniej jeden punkt kontrolny w strefie uprawy, programy nastaw dla inkubacji i owocnikowania, modulacj\u0119 przepustnic oraz wentylator\u00f3w, zabezpieczenie wilgotno\u015bci podczas przewietrzania, alarmy graniczne i procedur\u0119 post\u0119powania przy awarii czujnika. Dla obiekt\u00f3w w rejonach takich jak Pozna\u0144, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Wroc\u0142aw, Warszawa czy Lublin r\u00f3wnie wa\u017cne jest uwzgl\u0119dnienie sezonowych r\u00f3\u017cnic temperatury i wilgotno\u015bci powietrza zewn\u0119trznego.<\/p><p>Kompletny <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">sterownik klimatu do uprawy grzyb\u00f3w<\/a> pozwala powi\u0105za\u0107 sygna\u0142 CO\u2082 z temperatur\u0105, wilgotno\u015bci\u0105, ch\u0142odzeniem, ogrzewaniem i harmonogramami faz produkcyjnych. Dzi\u0119ki temu \u015bwie\u017ce powietrze jest dostarczane wtedy, gdy jest potrzebne, a nie wed\u0142ug sztywnego czasu pracy wentylatora.<\/p><h3>Rynek, rodzaje rozwi\u0105za\u0144 i zastosowania<\/h3><p>Polska jest jednym z wa\u017cnych europejskich o\u015brodk\u00f3w produkcji pieczarek, dlatego systemy kontroli klimatu s\u0105 wykorzystywane zar\u00f3wno przez rodzinne gospodarstwa, jak i zak\u0142ady z wieloma komorami. Najwi\u0119ksze zapotrzebowanie dotyczy pieczarek bia\u0142ych i br\u0105zowych, ale sterowanie CO\u2082 ma r\u00f3wnie\u017c znaczenie w uprawie boczniak\u00f3w, shiitake, sopl\u00f3wki je\u017cowatej oraz innych grzyb\u00f3w specjalistycznych. Rozwi\u0105zania obejmuj\u0105 proste regulatory z wyj\u015bciem przeka\u017anikowym, sterowniki wielostrefowe, systemy dla kontener\u00f3w uprawowych oraz zintegrowane instalacje dla du\u017cych hal.<\/p><p>W gospodarstwach rozbudowywanych etapami szczeg\u00f3lnie praktyczne s\u0105 modu\u0142owe urz\u0105dzenia, kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna przypisa\u0107 do jednej komory, sekcji rega\u0142\u00f3w lub ca\u0142ego bloku produkcyjnego. W projektach inwestycyjnych realizowanych w okolicach Warszawy, Kutna, Siedlec, Radomia i Bydgoszczy warto zaplanowa\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c rejestracj\u0119 danych. Historia st\u0119\u017ce\u0144 CO\u2082, temperatury, wilgotno\u015bci i pracy urz\u0105dze\u0144 u\u0142atwia wykrywanie przyczyn nier\u00f3wnych rzut\u00f3w oraz ocen\u0119 wydajno\u015bci energetycznej.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Typ obiektu<\/th><th>Typowy uk\u0142ad sterowania<\/th><th>Najwa\u017cniejszy cel<\/th><th>Praktyczne zastosowanie<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ma\u0142a komora uprawowa<\/td><td>Jeden regulator i czujnik<\/td><td>Podstawowa stabilizacja CO\u2082<\/td><td>Produkcja lokalna i testowe rzuty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pieczarkarnia z rega\u0142ami<\/td><td>Sterownik wielofunkcyjny<\/td><td>R\u00f3wny mikroklimat mi\u0119dzy poziomami<\/td><td>Produkcja handlowa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gospodarstwo wielokomorowe<\/td><td>Niezale\u017cne strefy i rejestr danych<\/td><td>Ograniczenie r\u00f3\u017cnic mi\u0119dzy komorami<\/td><td>Planowanie zbior\u00f3w seryjnych<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kontener uprawowy<\/td><td>Zintegrowany modu\u0142 klimatyczny<\/td><td>Mobilno\u015b\u0107 oraz kontrola ca\u0142oroczna<\/td><td>Sprzeda\u017c lokalna i demonstracje<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uprawa boczniaka<\/td><td>Precyzyjna wymiana powietrza<\/td><td>Kontrola kszta\u0142tu owocnik\u00f3w<\/td><td>Grzyby specjalistyczne<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zak\u0142ad przetw\u00f3rczy z w\u0142asn\u0105 upraw\u0105<\/td><td>Automatyka wielostrefowa<\/td><td>Powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 jako\u015bci surowca<\/td><td>Dostawy do sieci handlowych<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tabela pokazuje, \u017ce wraz ze wzrostem skali nie wystarcza zwi\u0119kszenie liczby wentylator\u00f3w. Konieczne staje si\u0119 podzielenie obiektu na strefy oraz dopasowanie pomiaru do rzeczywistego przep\u0142ywu powietrza. W kontenerach i ma\u0142ych komorach zintegrowany uk\u0142ad ma przewag\u0119, natomiast w d\u0142ugich halach kluczowe s\u0105 dodatkowe punkty kontrolne i prawid\u0142owy rozdzia\u0142 nawiewu.<\/p><h2>Jak oddychanie grzyb\u00f3w zmienia poziom CO\u2082<\/h2><p>Grzybnia i rozwijaj\u0105ce si\u0119 owocniki oddychaj\u0105 nieprzerwanie: zu\u017cywaj\u0105 tlen i wydzielaj\u0105 CO\u2082, wod\u0119 oraz ciep\u0142o. Intensywno\u015b\u0107 tego procesu nie jest sta\u0142a. Zale\u017cy od gatunku, masy pod\u0142o\u017ca, stopnia przero\u015bni\u0119cia, temperatury, aktywno\u015bci biologicznej kompostu oraz fazy cyklu. Im wi\u0119ksze biologiczne obci\u0105\u017cenie komory, tym szybciej st\u0119\u017cenie CO\u2082 mo\u017ce wzrosn\u0105\u0107 po ograniczeniu nawiewu.<\/p><p>W fazie przerastania wy\u017csze CO\u2082 jest zwykle tolerowane lepiej ni\u017c podczas inicjacji i wzrostu owocnik\u00f3w. W okresie owocnikowania zbyt wysokie st\u0119\u017cenie mo\u017ce wyd\u0142u\u017ca\u0107 trzony, ogranicza\u0107 rozw\u00f3j kapeluszy, pogarsza\u0107 struktur\u0119 plonu i zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 r\u00f3\u017cnice mi\u0119dzy p\u00f3\u0142kami. Z kolei gwa\u0142towne przewietrzenie bardzo zimnym lub suchym powietrzem mo\u017ce obni\u017cy\u0107 wilgotno\u015b\u0107 powierzchniow\u0105 okrywy i zaburzy\u0107 dalszy rozw\u00f3j.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Etap produkcji<\/th><th>Ryzyko zwi\u0105zane z CO\u2082<\/th><th>Charakter sterowania<\/th><th>Kontrola dodatkowa<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Przerastanie pod\u0142o\u017ca<\/td><td>Niewystarczaj\u0105ce odprowadzenie ciep\u0142a<\/td><td>Umiarkowana wymiana powietrza<\/td><td>Temperatura pod\u0142o\u017ca<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Przygotowanie do owocnikowania<\/td><td>Zbyt p\u00f3\u017ana zmiana nastaw<\/td><td>Stopniowe obni\u017canie CO\u2082<\/td><td>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 okrywy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inicjacja zawi\u0105zk\u00f3w<\/td><td>Wysokie CO\u2082 hamuje wyr\u00f3wnanie zawi\u0105zk\u00f3w<\/td><td>Stabilne przewietrzanie<\/td><td>Temperatura i ruch powietrza<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pierwszy rzut<\/td><td>Nier\u00f3wna forma owocnik\u00f3w<\/td><td>Regulacja wed\u0142ug obci\u0105\u017cenia<\/td><td>R\u00f3\u017cnice mi\u0119dzy rega\u0142ami<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kolejne rzuty<\/td><td>Zmienne oddychanie i lokalne kieszenie CO\u2082<\/td><td>Weryfikacja trend\u00f3w pomiaru<\/td><td>Stan filtr\u00f3w oraz przepustnic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Po zbiorze<\/td><td>Zaleganie wilgoci i gaz\u00f3w<\/td><td>Program przewietrzania higienicznego<\/td><td>Temperatura \u015bcian i kana\u0142\u00f3w<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Warto\u015bci zadane nale\u017cy traktowa\u0107 jako parametry technologiczne ustalone dla konkretnego gatunku, odmiany, pod\u0142o\u017ca oraz oczekiwanego rynku zbytu. Nie ma jednej uniwersalnej liczby CO\u2082 odpowiedniej dla ka\u017cdego obiektu. Najlepsz\u0105 praktyk\u0105 jest rozpocz\u0119cie od zalece\u0144 technologicznych producenta pod\u0142o\u017ca, a nast\u0119pnie korekta nastaw na podstawie wygl\u0105du owocnik\u00f3w, danych z kolejnych rzut\u00f3w i pomiar\u00f3w w r\u00f3\u017cnych miejscach komory.<\/p><h2>Dob\u00f3r zakresu i miejsca monta\u017cu czujnika<\/h2><p>Zakres pomiarowy czujnika powinien odpowiada\u0107 realnym warunkom pracy. Dla kontroli atmosfery w komorach owocnikowania przydatne s\u0105 czujniki pozwalaj\u0105ce dok\u0142adnie \u015bledzi\u0107 typowe poziomy technologiczne, ale powinny tak\u017ce zachowa\u0107 zapas na okresy awarii wentylacji lub intensywnego oddychania. Zbyt w\u0105ski zakres grozi nasyceniem wskazania, a zbyt szeroki mo\u017ce obni\u017cy\u0107 u\u017cyteczn\u0105 rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107 przy codziennej regulacji.<\/p><p>Czujnik CO\u2082 nale\u017cy umieszcza\u0107 w reprezentatywnej strefie uprawy: poza bezpo\u015brednim strumieniem nawiewu, z dala od wyci\u0105gu, drzwi, nagrzewnic, parownik\u00f3w i miejsc mycia. Wysoko\u015b\u0107 monta\u017cu powinna odzwierciedla\u0107 warunki, w kt\u00f3rych znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 owocniki. W rega\u0142ach wielopoziomowych jeden czujnik centralny nie zawsze wystarcza. Przeno\u015bny miernik kontrolny jest przydatny do okresowego por\u00f3wnywania st\u0119\u017ce\u0144 na g\u00f3rnych, \u015brodkowych i dolnych p\u00f3\u0142kach.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Miejsce pomiaru<\/th><th>Ocena przydatno\u015bci<\/th><th>Mo\u017cliwy b\u0142\u0105d<\/th><th>Zalecenie<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u015arodek komory mi\u0119dzy rega\u0142ami<\/td><td>Wysoka<\/td><td>Niewielki przy poprawnej cyrkulacji<\/td><td>Preferowany punkt g\u0142\u00f3wny<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bezpo\u015brednio przy nawiewie<\/td><td>Niska<\/td><td>Zani\u017cony odczyt CO\u2082<\/td><td>Unika\u0107 monta\u017cu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Przy kanale wyci\u0105gowym<\/td><td>\u015arednia<\/td><td>Odczyt zale\u017cny od pracy wyci\u0105gu<\/td><td>Stosowa\u0107 wy\u0142\u0105cznie pomocniczo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nad drzwiami<\/td><td>Niska<\/td><td>Wp\u0142yw otwierania komory<\/td><td>Nie u\u017cywa\u0107 jako punktu steruj\u0105cego<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dolna p\u00f3\u0142ka rega\u0142u<\/td><td>\u015arednia<\/td><td>Mo\u017cliwe zastoiny powietrza<\/td><td>Por\u00f3wnywa\u0107 z poziomem \u015brodkowym<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G\u00f3rna p\u00f3\u0142ka rega\u0142u<\/td><td>\u015arednia<\/td><td>Wp\u0142yw ciep\u0142a i przep\u0142ywu kana\u0142owego<\/td><td>U\u017cywa\u0107 w audytach rozk\u0142adu<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tabela podkre\u015bla, \u017ce lokalizacja jest r\u00f3wnie istotna jak sam typ miernika. Przed odbiorem instalacji warto przeprowadzi\u0107 pr\u00f3b\u0119 dymow\u0105 dopuszczon\u0105 dla warunk\u00f3w sanitarnych albo analiz\u0119 pr\u0119dko\u015bci powietrza. Pozwala to potwierdzi\u0107, czy nawiew rzeczywi\u015bcie dociera do wszystkich ci\u0105g\u00f3w rega\u0142\u00f3w i czy w komorze nie wyst\u0119puj\u0105 martwe strefy.<\/p><h3>Mo\u017cliwo\u015bci technologiczne<\/h3><p>Nowoczesne sterowniki wykorzystuj\u0105 cyfrowe czujniki CO\u2082, programowalne progi, regulacj\u0119 proporcjonaln\u0105 oraz zapisy trend\u00f3w. Lanhu rozwija rozwi\u0105zania klimatyczne dla upraw kontrolowanych, \u0142\u0105cz\u0105c pomiar gaz\u00f3w z kontrol\u0105 temperatury, wilgotno\u015bci, ch\u0142odzenia i ogrzewania. Wieloletnie do\u015bwiadczenie w badaniach termodynamicznych oraz opatentowane rozwi\u0105zania konstrukcyjne pomagaj\u0105 tworzy\u0107 uk\u0142ady dopasowane do kom\u00f3r, rega\u0142\u00f3w i kontener\u00f3w uprawowych.<\/p><h2>Regulacja \u015bwie\u017cego powietrza zale\u017cna od zapotrzebowania<\/h2><p>Regulacja zale\u017cna od zapotrzebowania oznacza, \u017ce wentylacja reaguje na aktualne CO\u2082, a nie pracuje wy\u0142\u0105cznie wed\u0142ug zegara. Gdy st\u0119\u017cenie ro\u015bnie powy\u017cej progu, regulator mo\u017ce najpierw zwi\u0119kszy\u0107 otwarcie przepustnicy, nast\u0119pnie podnie\u015b\u0107 wydajno\u015b\u0107 nawiewu lub wyci\u0105gu, a po osi\u0105gni\u0119ciu poziomu docelowego \u0142agodnie ograniczy\u0107 wymian\u0119. Takie podej\u015bcie ogranicza skoki temperatury i zmniejsza straty energii, szczeg\u00f3lnie zim\u0105 w p\u00f3\u0142nocno-wschodniej Polsce oraz podczas letnich fal upa\u0142\u00f3w.<\/p><p>W praktyce potrzebne s\u0105 dwa poziomy: warto\u015b\u0107 zadana oraz pasmo regulacji. Pasmo zapobiega cz\u0119stemu w\u0142\u0105czaniu i wy\u0142\u0105czaniu urz\u0105dze\u0144, gdy odczyt zmienia si\u0119 o niewielkie warto\u015bci. Dodatkowo warto ustawi\u0107 minimalny przep\u0142yw higieniczny i maksymaln\u0105 dopuszczaln\u0105 wydajno\u015b\u0107, aby system nie pozostawa\u0142 bez wymiany powietrza, ale te\u017c nie przesusza\u0142 komory przy chwilowym wzro\u015bcie CO\u2082.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Sygna\u0142 z uk\u0142adu<\/th><th>Przyk\u0142adowa reakcja<\/th><th>Korzy\u015b\u0107<\/th><th>Ryzyko bez regulacji<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO\u2082 ro\u015bnie powoli<\/td><td>Ma\u0142e otwarcie przepustnicy<\/td><td>\u0141agodna korekta mikroklimatu<\/td><td>Nadmierne zu\u017cycie energii<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 przekracza pr\u00f3g<\/td><td>Zwi\u0119kszenie nawiewu<\/td><td>Szybsze od\u015bwie\u017cenie powietrza<\/td><td>Pogorszenie jako\u015bci owocnik\u00f3w<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO\u2082 osi\u0105ga alarm<\/td><td>Maksymalny tryb wentylacji<\/td><td>Ochrona produkcji<\/td><td>Op\u00f3\u017aniona reakcja personelu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temperatura zewn\u0119trzna niska<\/td><td>Ograniczona modulacja i dogrzewanie<\/td><td>Mniejsze wych\u0142odzenie komory<\/td><td>Stres termiczny grzyb\u00f3w<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wilgotno\u015b\u0107 spada<\/td><td>Wsparcie nawil\u017cania<\/td><td>Ochrona okrywy<\/td><td>Sucha powierzchnia pod\u0142o\u017ca<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Brak wiarygodnego odczytu<\/td><td>Tryb bezpieczny i alarm<\/td><td>Kontrolowana praca awaryjna<\/td><td>Decyzje na podstawie b\u0142\u0119dnych danych<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Wyja\u015bnienie tabeli jest proste: CO\u2082 nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 traktowany jako jedyny parametr. Ka\u017cde zwi\u0119kszenie \u015bwie\u017cego powietrza wp\u0142ywa na ciep\u0142o i wilgo\u0107, dlatego regulator powinien podejmowa\u0107 skoordynowane dzia\u0142ania. W praktyce dobrze ustawiona automatyka ogranicza liczb\u0119 r\u0119cznych korekt i poprawia powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy kolejnymi cyklami produkcji.<\/p><h2>Wsp\u00f3\u0142praca przepustnic, wentylator\u00f3w i wyci\u0105gu<\/h2><p>Przepustnica decyduje, ile powietrza zewn\u0119trznego mo\u017ce wej\u015b\u0107 do uk\u0142adu, wentylator nawiewny zapewnia transport powietrza, a wyci\u0105g usuwa zu\u017cyte powietrze i pomaga utrzyma\u0107 kierunek przep\u0142ywu. Ich praca musi by\u0107 skoordynowana. Samo zwi\u0119kszenie obrot\u00f3w nawiewu przy zamkni\u0119tym lub niewystarczaj\u0105cym wyci\u0105gu mo\u017ce powodowa\u0107 niekontrolowane nadci\u015bnienie. Z kolei silny wyci\u0105g przy zbyt ma\u0142ym nawiewie mo\u017ce zasysa\u0107 zimne powietrze przez nieszczelno\u015bci.<\/p><p>W d\u0142ugich komorach potrzebne s\u0105 w\u0142a\u015bciwie dobrane kana\u0142y, nawiewniki i punkty wyci\u0105gowe. R\u00f3\u017cnica ci\u015bnienia musi wspiera\u0107 r\u00f3wnomierny przep\u0142yw przez rega\u0142y, a nie tworzy\u0107 kr\u00f3tk\u0105 drog\u0119 od nawiewu do wyci\u0105gu. Podczas modernizacji starszych obiekt\u00f3w warto sprawdzi\u0107 stan przepustnic, pask\u00f3w nap\u0119dowych, filtr\u00f3w oraz uszczelnie\u0144 drzwi. Cz\u0119sto dopiero usuni\u0119cie mechanicznych ogranicze\u0144 pozwala regulatorowi CO\u2082 pracowa\u0107 zgodnie z za\u0142o\u017ceniami.<\/p><p>Przy zakupie urz\u0105dze\u0144 nale\u017cy oceni\u0107 nie tylko moc wentylatora, lecz tak\u017ce charakterystyk\u0119 spr\u0119\u017cu, mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 p\u0142ynnej regulacji, materia\u0142 odporny na wilgo\u0107 i \u0142atwo\u015b\u0107 czyszczenia. Dla gospodarstw sprowadzaj\u0105cych wyposa\u017cenie przez Gda\u0144sk, Gdyni\u0119 lub terminale kolejowe w Ma\u0142aszewiczach wa\u017cne s\u0105 tak\u017ce dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119\u015bci eksploatacyjnych, dokumentacja techniczna i zgodno\u015b\u0107 instalacji elektrycznej z wymaganiami lokalnego obiektu.<\/p><h3>Porady zakupowe i lokalni dostawcy<\/h3><p>Wybieraj\u0105c dostawc\u0119 w Polsce, warto por\u00f3wna\u0107 zakres serwisu, czas dostawy, kompetencje instalacyjne oraz mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 uruchomienia systemu w rzeczywistej komorze. Lokalny wykonawca mo\u017ce wykona\u0107 kana\u0142y i pod\u0142\u0105czenia, natomiast producent automatyki powinien dostarczy\u0107 schematy, logik\u0119 sterowania, parametry czujnik\u00f3w i instrukcj\u0119 rozruchu. Najbezpieczniejszy model wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy obejmuje wsp\u00f3lny projekt przep\u0142ywu powietrza, pr\u00f3b\u0119 funkcjonaln\u0105 oraz szkolenie operator\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Dla inwestor\u00f3w planuj\u0105cych produkcj\u0119 poza tradycyjnymi regionami pieczarkarskimi interesuj\u0105c\u0105 alternatyw\u0105 jest <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">kontenerowa komora do uprawy grzyb\u00f3w<\/a>. Taka forma pozwala szybciej uruchomi\u0107 produkcj\u0119 w pobli\u017cu odbiorc\u00f3w w Szczecinie, Krakowie, Katowicach, Tr\u00f3jmie\u015bcie lub na terenach turystycznych, gdzie liczy si\u0119 \u015bwie\u017co\u015b\u0107 i kr\u00f3tki \u0142a\u0144cuch dostaw.<\/p><h2>Utrzymywanie wilgotno\u015bci podczas wymiany powietrza<\/h2><p>Ka\u017cda porcja \u015bwie\u017cego powietrza ma w\u0142asn\u0105 temperatur\u0119 i wilgotno\u015b\u0107. Zim\u0105 powietrze zewn\u0119trzne po ogrzaniu mo\u017ce mie\u0107 bardzo nisk\u0105 wilgotno\u015b\u0107 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105, dlatego intensywne przewietrzanie bez kompensacji prowadzi do parowania wody z okrywy. Latem problemem mo\u017ce by\u0107 nadmiar ciep\u0142a, a podczas wilgotnych okres\u00f3w tak\u017ce ryzyko kondensacji na zimnych powierzchniach.<\/p><p>Skuteczny uk\u0142ad sterowania powinien uruchamia\u0107 nawil\u017canie w spos\u00f3b proporcjonalny do wymiany powietrza i uwzgl\u0119dnia\u0107 op\u00f3\u017anienie dzia\u0142ania dysz. Nawil\u017canie nie mo\u017ce jednak tworzy\u0107 bezpo\u015brednio mokrych stref na grzybach ani prowadzi\u0107 do sta\u0142ego zwil\u017cania kana\u0142\u00f3w. Najlepsze wyniki daje drobna mg\u0142a, odpowiedni czas mieszania powietrza oraz czujnik wilgotno\u015bci zamontowany w miejscu os\u0142oni\u0119tym przed bezpo\u015brednim rozpylaniem.<\/p><p>W obiektach o wysokim obci\u0105\u017ceniu biologicznym przydatne jest r\u00f3wnoczesne obserwowanie temperatury punktu rosy. Gdy powierzchnie kana\u0142\u00f3w, \u015bcian lub ch\u0142odnic s\u0105 zbyt zimne, kondensacja mo\u017ce zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 ryzyko sanitarne. Sterowanie CO\u2082 powinno wi\u0119c by\u0107 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 pe\u0142nej strategii klimatycznej, a nie samodzielnym prze\u0142\u0105cznikiem wentylatora.<\/p><h2>Ustawienia alarm\u00f3w i tryby awarii czujnika<\/h2><p>Alarmy powinny by\u0107 u\u017cyteczne, a nie nadmiernie cz\u0119ste. Zaleca si\u0119 rozdzielenie alarmu ostrzegawczego od alarmu krytycznego. Pierwszy informuje, \u017ce CO\u2082 przez okre\u015blony czas odbiega od planu i wymaga sprawdzenia. Drugi uruchamia procedur\u0119 ochronn\u0105, na przyk\u0142ad maksymaln\u0105 bezpieczn\u0105 wentylacj\u0119, sygna\u0142 lokalny oraz powiadomienie operatora.<\/p><p>Awaria czujnika mo\u017ce objawia\u0107 si\u0119 brakiem odczytu, warto\u015bci\u0105 poza zakresem, nag\u0142\u0105 nierealistyczn\u0105 zmian\u0105 albo d\u0142ugim brakiem reakcji mimo pracy wentylacji. W trybie awaryjnym sterownik nie powinien bezwarunkowo utrzymywa\u0107 ostatniego sygna\u0142u. Rozs\u0105dniejsze jest przej\u015bcie na bezpieczny program czasowy z ograniczeniami temperatury i wilgotno\u015bci, a nast\u0119pnie szybka kontrola czujnika przeno\u015bnym miernikiem.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Rodzaj alarmu<\/th><th>Warunek<\/th><th>Dzia\u0142anie automatyki<\/th><th>Dzia\u0142anie operatora<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ostrze\u017cenie CO\u2082<\/td><td>Przekroczenie progu przez ustalony czas<\/td><td>Wzmocnienie wymiany powietrza<\/td><td>Kontrola trendu i przepustnic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Krytyczne CO\u2082<\/td><td>Znaczne przekroczenie limitu<\/td><td>Tryb maksymalnej wentylacji<\/td><td>Sprawdzenie wentylator\u00f3w i wyci\u0105gu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Brak sygna\u0142u czujnika<\/td><td>Utrata komunikacji<\/td><td>Program bezpieczny<\/td><td>Weryfikacja przewod\u00f3w i zasilania<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Odczyt poza zakresem<\/td><td>Warto\u015b\u0107 niemo\u017cliwa technologicznie<\/td><td>Blokada regulacji wed\u0142ug b\u0142\u0119dnego pomiaru<\/td><td>Kontrola lub wymiana czujnika<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Za niska wilgotno\u015b\u0107<\/td><td>Spadek po przewietrzaniu<\/td><td>Uruchomienie nawil\u017cania<\/td><td>Sprawdzenie wody i dysz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Awaria wentylatora<\/td><td>Brak potwierdzenia pracy<\/td><td>Alarm i prze\u0142\u0105czenie dost\u0119pnych urz\u0105dze\u0144<\/td><td>Kontrola zabezpiecze\u0144 oraz nap\u0119du<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tabela mo\u017ce by\u0107 podstaw\u0105 do stworzenia procedury dla operatora. Ka\u017cdy alarm powinien mie\u0107 przypisany czas reakcji, osob\u0119 odpowiedzialn\u0105 i zapis wykonanych czynno\u015bci. Takie podej\u015bcie jest szczeg\u00f3lnie wa\u017cne w obiektach pracuj\u0105cych przez ca\u0142\u0105 dob\u0119, gdzie problem mo\u017ce wyst\u0105pi\u0107 poza standardowymi godzinami pracy.<\/p><h2>Kontrola CO\u2082 na za\u0142adowanych rega\u0142ach<\/h2><p>Po pe\u0142nym za\u0142adunku rega\u0142y staj\u0105 si\u0119 przeszkod\u0105 dla przep\u0142ywu powietrza. Powietrze mo\u017ce przemieszcza\u0107 si\u0119 g\u0142\u00f3wnie korytarzami, pozostawiaj\u0105c \u015brodkowe cz\u0119\u015bci p\u00f3\u0142ek z podwy\u017cszonym CO\u2082. Dlatego kontrola wy\u0142\u0105cznie na pustej komorze nie jest wystarczaj\u0105ca. Pomiary nale\u017cy wykonywa\u0107 w warunkach zbli\u017conych do rzeczywistej produkcji, najlepiej w czasie najwi\u0119kszej aktywno\u015bci biologicznej.<\/p><p>Dobry audyt obejmuje pomiary na pocz\u0105tku, w \u015brodku i na ko\u0144cu komory, a tak\u017ce na kilku wysoko\u015bciach. Nale\u017cy por\u00f3wna\u0107 wyniki podczas minimalnej, \u015bredniej i maksymalnej pracy wentylacji. Je\u017celi r\u00f3\u017cnice s\u0105 du\u017ce, rozwi\u0105zaniem mo\u017ce by\u0107 korekta kierunku nawiewu, zmiana wydajno\u015bci wentylator\u00f3w obiegowych, regulacja przepustnic lub dodanie punktu pomiarowego.<\/p><p>Warto wykonywa\u0107 kontrol\u0119 po ka\u017cdej istotnej zmianie: monta\u017cu nowych rega\u0142\u00f3w, wymianie wentylator\u00f3w, zmianie rodzaju opakowa\u0144 pod\u0142o\u017ca, przebudowie kana\u0142\u00f3w albo zwi\u0119kszeniu obsady. Zdj\u0119cia instalacji, zapis trend\u00f3w i notatki z obserwacji plonu tworz\u0105 praktyczn\u0105 baz\u0119 wiedzy dla kolejnych cykli.<\/p><h2>Nasza firma<\/h2><p>Lanhu jest producentem urz\u0105dze\u0144 do kontroli klimatu rolniczego, system\u00f3w klimatyzacji przemys\u0142owej oraz modu\u0142owych rozwi\u0105za\u0144 uprawowych. Firma projektuje rozwi\u0105zania dla producent\u00f3w grzyb\u00f3w potrzebuj\u0105cych stabilnego zarz\u0105dzania CO\u2082, temperatur\u0105, wilgotno\u015bci\u0105 i wymian\u0105 powietrza. Oferta obejmuje sterowniki klimatu, inteligentne kontenery do uprawy grzyb\u00f3w, modu\u0142y dla upraw bezglebowych oraz pompy ciep\u0142a wykorzystuj\u0105ce energi\u0119 powietrza.<\/p><h3>Mo\u017cliwo\u015bci produkcyjne<\/h3><p>Zak\u0142ad produkcyjny o powierzchni przekraczaj\u0105cej 30 000 metr\u00f3w kwadratowych \u0142\u0105czy projektowanie, obr\u00f3bk\u0119 blach, gi\u0119cie sterowane numerycznie, wytwarzanie paneli izolacyjnych, monta\u017c elektryczny, integracj\u0119 system\u00f3w i testy ko\u0144cowe. Przed wysy\u0142k\u0105 urz\u0105dzenia przechodz\u0105 kontrol\u0119 funkcjonaln\u0105, weryfikacj\u0119 elektryczn\u0105 oraz ocen\u0119 parametr\u00f3w pracy. System zarz\u0105dzania jako\u015bci\u0105 i bezpiecze\u0144stwem opiera si\u0119 na uznanych normach mi\u0119dzynarodowych.<\/p><p>Dla polskich inwestor\u00f3w istotna jest mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 dostosowania uk\u0142adu do wymiar\u00f3w komory, sposobu za\u0142adunku, rodzaju rega\u0142\u00f3w i lokalnych wymaga\u0144 instalacyjnych. Przyk\u0142ady wdro\u017ce\u0144 oraz konfiguracji dla r\u00f3\u017cnych projekt\u00f3w mo\u017cna zobaczy\u0107 w <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">realizacjach system\u00f3w uprawowych<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Mo\u017cliwo\u015bci serwisowe<\/h3><p>Lanhu zapewnia wsparcie projektowe, dostawy bezpo\u015brednio z fabryki, dostosowanie urz\u0105dze\u0144 do projektu, pomoc logistyczn\u0105, cz\u0119\u015bci zamienne, wskaz\u00f3wki monta\u017cowe i obs\u0142ug\u0119 po uruchomieniu. Dla dystrybutor\u00f3w, firm in\u017cynieryjnych oraz wykonawc\u00f3w rolniczych dost\u0119pne jest tak\u017ce <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">dostosowanie urz\u0105dze\u0144 do marki i projektu klienta<\/a>. Przed zam\u00f3wieniem warto przekaza\u0107 rzut komory, liczb\u0119 poziom\u00f3w rega\u0142\u00f3w, mas\u0119 pod\u0142o\u017ca, lokalne dane klimatyczne oraz oczekiwany zakres automatyzacji.<\/p><h3>Trendy do 2026 roku<\/h3><p>Do 2026 roku kontrola klimatu w uprawie grzyb\u00f3w b\u0119dzie coraz cz\u0119\u015bciej oparta na analizie trend\u00f3w, zdalnym nadzorze oraz algorytmach przewiduj\u0105cych wzrost CO\u2082 na podstawie fazy cyklu i obci\u0105\u017cenia komory. Rosn\u0105ce ceny energii w Polsce zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105 znaczenie wentylator\u00f3w o regulowanej pr\u0119dko\u015bci, odzysku energii, lepszej izolacji i integracji z pompami ciep\u0142a. Wa\u017cne b\u0119d\u0105 tak\u017ce rozwi\u0105zania ograniczaj\u0105ce zu\u017cycie wody oraz precyzyjniejsze sterowanie nawil\u017caniem.<\/p><p>W polityce rolno-\u015brodowiskowej i handlu \u017cywno\u015bci\u0105 coraz wi\u0119ksze znaczenie ma identyfikowalno\u015b\u0107 produkcji, ograniczanie strat oraz efektywno\u015b\u0107 zasobowa. Rejestracja danych klimatycznych mo\u017ce u\u0142atwi\u0107 wykazanie stabilno\u015bci procesu, poprawi\u0107 planowanie zbior\u00f3w i ograniczy\u0107 odpady wynikaj\u0105ce z nier\u00f3wnej jako\u015bci. Najlepsz\u0105 inwestycj\u0105 pozostaje jednak system prosty do serwisowania, mierz\u0105cy wiarygodne dane i dostosowany do rzeczywistego uk\u0142adu gospodarstwa.<\/p><h2>Najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania<\/h2><h3>Czy jeden czujnik CO\u2082 wystarczy dla ca\u0142ej pieczarkarni?<\/h3><p>W ma\u0142ej, dobrze wymieszanej komorze cz\u0119sto wystarczy jeden czujnik g\u0142\u00f3wny. W d\u0142ugich halach, komorach z wysokimi rega\u0142ami lub nier\u00f3wnym przep\u0142ywem zaleca si\u0119 dodatkowe pomiary kontrolne. Czujnik przeno\u015bny pozwala regularnie sprawdza\u0107, czy warto\u015b\u0107 w punkcie steruj\u0105cym odpowiada warunkom na p\u00f3\u0142kach.<\/p><h3>Jaki zakres czujnika CO\u2082 wybra\u0107?<\/h3><p>Zakres powinien obejmowa\u0107 warto\u015bci robocze dla danej technologii oraz zapewnia\u0107 zapas na sytuacje awaryjne. Najwa\u017cniejsze s\u0105 stabilno\u015b\u0107, mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 kalibracji, odporno\u015b\u0107 na wilgotne \u015brodowisko i zgodno\u015b\u0107 z automatyk\u0105. Dob\u00f3r warto oprze\u0107 na rzeczywistych danych z komory, a nie wy\u0142\u0105cznie na cenie urz\u0105dzenia.<\/p><h3>Czy wentylacja sterowana czasowo jest wystarczaj\u0105ca?<\/h3><p>Mo\u017ce dzia\u0142a\u0107 jako rozwi\u0105zanie podstawowe lub awaryjne, lecz nie reaguje na zmienn\u0105 intensywno\u015b\u0107 oddychania grzyb\u00f3w. Sterowanie wed\u0142ug CO\u2082 zwykle zapewnia lepsz\u0105 powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 warunk\u00f3w i pozwala ograniczy\u0107 niepotrzebn\u0105 wymian\u0119 powietrza.<\/p><h3>Dlaczego po przewietrzaniu spada wilgotno\u015b\u0107?<\/h3><p>\u015awie\u017ce powietrze, szczeg\u00f3lnie zim\u0105 po ogrzaniu, mo\u017ce mie\u0107 niski zas\u00f3b wilgoci. Je\u017celi nawil\u017canie nie kompensuje tej zmiany, woda odparowuje z powierzchni okrywy. Nale\u017cy skoordynowa\u0107 wydajno\u015b\u0107 wentylacji, ogrzewanie oraz dzia\u0142anie systemu mg\u0142y.<\/p><h3>Jak cz\u0119sto sprawdza\u0107 dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 czujnika?<\/h3><p>Kontrol\u0119 nale\u017cy wykonywa\u0107 zgodnie z zaleceniami producenta oraz po ka\u017cdym podejrzeniu nieprawid\u0142owego dzia\u0142ania. Praktycznie warto por\u00f3wnywa\u0107 odczyt stacjonarny z wiarygodnym miernikiem przeno\u015bnym podczas pe\u0142nego za\u0142adunku komory i po pracach serwisowych.<\/p><h3>Co zrobi\u0107, gdy czujnik CO\u2082 przestanie dzia\u0142a\u0107?<\/h3><p>Nale\u017cy prze\u0142\u0105czy\u0107 system na zaprogramowany tryb bezpiecznej wentylacji, sprawdzi\u0107 zasilanie, przewody i komunikacj\u0119, a nast\u0119pnie potwierdzi\u0107 warunki miernikiem kontrolnym. Nie nale\u017cy pozostawia\u0107 komory bez nadzoru ani podejmowa\u0107 d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ych decyzji technologicznych na podstawie niepewnego odczytu.<\/p>","vi-title":"B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 cho tr\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3","vi-meta":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 cho tr\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam: ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, qu\u1ea1t, van gi\u00f3, gi\u1eef \u1ea9m, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 n\u1ea5m.","vi-content":"<h2>Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nhanh<\/h2><p>Trong ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m, CO2 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3. Khi s\u1ee3i n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, ch\u00fang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 oxy v\u00e0 th\u1ea3i CO2. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3, tu\u1ed5i n\u1ea5m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00edn c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 CO2 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 d\u1ea3i \u0111o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u1eeda gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i, qu\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed, qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ed3i b\u1eadt qu\u1ea1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo nhu c\u1ea7u: qu\u1ea1t v\u00e0 van gi\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ee9c CO2 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea5m.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed3ng quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 d\u1ea3i \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng 0\u20135.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t. V\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea5m cao, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng ho\u1eb7c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o CO2 m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc d\u1ea3i 0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda gi\u00f3, mi\u1ec7ng h\u00fat, m\u00e1y t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1t s\u00e0n.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra CO2 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 cao b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 \u0111o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i gi\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, qu\u1ea1t y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng sai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n tr\u00ean k\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eeda gi\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<\/p><h2>H\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a n\u1ea5m l\u00e0m CO2 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/h2><p>N\u1ea5m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3. Sau khi c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i n\u1ea5m. Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CO2 sinh ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo gi\u1ed1ng, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00fai ho\u1eb7c khay, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ec7.<\/p><p>\u1ede ph\u00f2ng k\u00edn, CO2 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1eddi gian qu\u1ea1t t\u1eaft. N\u1ebfu c\u1eeda gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 quanh c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u00edt l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu m\u1edf gi\u00f3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1ea9m, l\u00e0m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea5m kh\u00f4, cu\u1ed1ng n\u1ea5m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/th><th>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn CO2<\/th><th>D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/th><th>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/th><th>L\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/th><th>\u01afu ti\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/td><td>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u CO2 h\u01a1n<\/td><td>CO2 t\u0103ng nhanh sau khi qu\u1ea1t d\u1eebng<\/td><td>T\u0103ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed theo t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td><td>Ph\u00f2ng k\u00edn \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m d\u1ec5 t\u00edch kh\u00ed<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ed1 khay tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n<\/td><td>CO2 t\u0103ng c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/td><td>K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3<\/td><td>C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u00f9a n\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch qu\u1ea1t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tu\u1ed5i n\u1ea5m<\/td><td>M\u1ee9c h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/td><td>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/td><td>D\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/td><td>M\u1ed7i gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang<\/td><td>Ghi l\u1ea1i CO2 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0110\u1ed9 k\u00edn ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>Ph\u00f2ng c\u00e0ng k\u00edn, CO2 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e0ng nhanh<\/td><td>Qu\u1ea1t ch\u1ea1y l\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng CO2 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1eadm<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh \u00e1p<\/td><td>Panel c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1eeda v\u00e0 khe k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ec7<\/td><td>Khe h\u1eb9p c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00ed<\/td><td>K\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 CO2 cao h\u01a1n<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>\u0110o t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5<\/td><td>Gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>S\u1ed1 \u0111o dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><td>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn kh\u1ecfi s\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/td><td>\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a mi\u1ec1n Nam<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>B\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y CO2 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c 2.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ee7 \u1ea9m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 n\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, l\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1eeda gi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng n\u00ean t\u1ea1o h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh cho t\u1eebng gi\u1ed1ng. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi th\u1eddi gian qu\u1ea1t ch\u1ea1y, th\u1eddi gian CO2 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3. Sau hai \u0111\u1ebfn ba chu k\u1ef3, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p><h2>Ch\u1ecdn d\u1ea3i \u0111o v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/h2><p>Ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CO2 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n. Hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ee5i gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3, h\u01a1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec7 sinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng \u01b0\u01a1m ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea5m v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, d\u1ea3i 0\u20135.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t trong v\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng. Ph\u00f2ng nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, khoang nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i m\u1ee9c cao n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea3i 0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn d\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i trong v\u00f9ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u00e9m m\u01b0\u1ee3t.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Lo\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c<\/th><th>D\u1ea3i \u0111o g\u1ee3i \u00fd<\/th><th>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00ean l\u1eafp<\/th><th>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/th><th>T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m tra<\/th><th>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ph\u00f2ng \u01b0\u01a1m gi\u1ed1ng<\/td><td>0\u20135.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7<\/td><td>S\u00e1t c\u1eeda c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed<\/td><td>M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y<\/td><td>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ee5 CO2 s\u1edbm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ph\u00f2ng nu\u00f4i qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3<\/td><td>0\u20135.000 ho\u1eb7c 0\u201310.000<\/td><td>V\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ec7<\/td><td>Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec7ng h\u00fat<\/td><td>Hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ph\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng<\/td><td>0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u<\/td><td>K\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td><td>S\u00e1t tr\u1ea7n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed<\/td><td>M\u1ed7i ca v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/td><td>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ph\u00f2ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/td><td>0\u20135.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u<\/td><td>V\u00f9ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>G\u1ea7n m\u00e1y t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m<\/td><td>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed7i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/td><td>So s\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed3ng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Khoang m\u00f4-\u0111un<\/td><td>0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u<\/td><td>Trung t\u00e2m khoang<\/td><td>G\u1ea7n v\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng<\/td><td>Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra tu\u1ea7n<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng theo t\u1ea3i<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec7 sinh<\/td><td>D\u1ea3i theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi<\/td><td>N\u01a1i phun tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/td><td>Sau m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 v\u1ec7 sinh<\/td><td>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp c\u00e1ch s\u00e0n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ea5m, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a k\u1ec7 thay v\u00ec s\u00e1t tr\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1t n\u1ec1n. V\u1edbi k\u1ec7 cao, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u1edf t\u1ea7ng cao \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay.<\/p><p>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01a1i gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00ec s\u1ed1 \u0111o s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u1ea1t d\u1eebng s\u1edbm. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat v\u00ec s\u1ed1 \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi m\u00e1y phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00e0n l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ho\u1eb7c L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi cao \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed t\u00f9y \u00fd; kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5. Khu v\u1ef1c cao nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m nhanh.<\/p><h2>\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i theo nhu c\u1ea7u<\/h2><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo nhu c\u1ea7u ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed khi CO2 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ecbch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ea5t \u1ea9m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng v\u00f9ng tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t b\u1eadt t\u1eaft li\u00ean t\u1ee5c khi s\u1ed1 \u0111o dao \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c. Khi CO2 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi, qu\u1ea1t ch\u1ea1y \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c d\u1eebng theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m. Khi CO2 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, qu\u1ea1t ch\u1ea1y \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh. Khi CO2 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao, van gi\u00f3 m\u1edf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. Khi CO2 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m sau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i CO2<\/th><th>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng van gi\u00f3<\/th><th>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u1ea1t<\/th><th>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u1eef \u1ea9m<\/th><th>Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/th><th>Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/td><td>\u0110\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td><td>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p<\/td><td>Duy tr\u00ec t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m theo c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>5\u201310 ph\u00fat<\/td><td>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao<\/td><td>M\u1edf t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td><td>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh<\/td><td>Gi\u1ea3m trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed n\u1ebfu \u1ea9m t\u1ee5t nhanh<\/td><td>3\u20135 ph\u00fat<\/td><td>Theo d\u00f5i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>V\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao<\/td><td>M\u1edf l\u1edbn<\/td><td>T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/td><td>Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m sau chu k\u1ef3 x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed<\/td><td>1\u20133 ph\u00fat<\/td><td>C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>V\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/td><td>M\u1edf t\u1ed1i \u0111a theo gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea1y \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td><td>\u01afu ti\u00ean an to\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/td><td>Th\u1eddi gian c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t<\/td><td>C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o m\u1ee9c hai<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u1ed1 \u0111o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><td>Gi\u1eef ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n<\/td><td>D\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m<\/td><td>Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/td><td>B\u00e1o l\u1ed7i c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>V\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed an to\u00e0n<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea1y chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/td><td>Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c<\/td><td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean coi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c trong b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chung cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m. N\u1ea5m s\u00f2, n\u1ea5m m\u1ee1, n\u1ea5m kim ch\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng n\u1ea5m d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi CO2. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ed1 \u0111o v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p><p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng CO2 thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu CO2 t\u0103ng 300 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u trong 10 ph\u00fat, c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u0103ng 300 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, xu\u1ea5t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb xa s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch cho trang tr\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng.<\/p><h2>Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p van gi\u00f3, qu\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3<\/h2><p>Van gi\u00f3, qu\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat ch\u1ea1y m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng c\u1eeda gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ee7, ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u00e2m \u00e1p, h\u00fat kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed qua khe c\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. N\u1ebfu van m\u1edf l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd dao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p><p>Trong ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t qu\u1ea1t. \u1ed0ng gi\u00f3 qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7t sai h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o v\u00f9ng gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed t\u00f9 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng. N\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf van v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u CO2 sau khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ec7.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb<\/th><th>Vai tr\u00f2<\/th><th>L\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/th><th>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn CO2<\/th><th>C\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/th><th>\u0110i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Van gi\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1i<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td><td>K\u1eb9t, m\u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, sai chi\u1ec1u<\/td><td>CO2 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1eadm<\/td><td>M\u1edf theo c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea1t<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00f4-t\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh van<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Qu\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0a kh\u00ed m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>L\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecdc b\u1ea9n<\/td><td>V\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng van c\u1ea5p<\/td><td>V\u1ec7 sinh l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00e2y \u0111ai<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0a kh\u00ed gi\u00e0u CO2 ra ngo\u00e0i<\/td><td>H\u00fat qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u<\/td><td>M\u1ea5t \u1ea9m, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u00e2m<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo qu\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u1eeda ch\u1edbp<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u1ed0ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i<\/td><td>Chia kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ec7<\/td><td>R\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c sai k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td><td>Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ec7<\/td><td>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ed5i<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Qu\u1ea1t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n<\/td><td>Tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00ed trong ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>H\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u1ea5m<\/td><td>S\u1ed1 \u0111o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea1y nh\u1eb9 gi\u1eefa chu k\u1ef3<\/td><td>Gi\u1eef t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea5m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/td><td>Ra l\u1ec7nh theo c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng sai ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/td><td>Qu\u1ea1t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><td>D\u00f9ng v\u00f9ng tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng m\u1edbi, n\u00ean ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed \u1edf ba m\u1ee9c: qu\u1ea1t th\u1ea5p, qu\u1ea1t trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea1t cao. \u1ede m\u1ed7i m\u1ee9c, \u0111o CO2 t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda, gi\u1eefa ph\u00f2ng, cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng cao. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam qu\u1ea1t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng mi\u1ec7ng gi\u00f3 hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p><p>Lanhu cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3, t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m, l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u1edfi. Khi tham kh\u1ea3o <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-climate-controller\/\">b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu cho ph\u00f2ng n\u1ea5m<\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua n\u00ean g\u1eedi b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ec7, lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn theo c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t danh ngh\u0129a.<\/p><h2>Duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed<\/h2><p>Trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m CO2 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i h\u01a1i \u1ea9m. R\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 kh\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c khi qu\u1ea1t ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea5m kh\u00f4 nhanh d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trong ph\u00f2ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u cao. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u1ea9m nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1nh.<\/p><p>Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea1t v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m thay v\u00ec ch\u1ea1y t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Sau m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1edd c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CO2 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn b\u00e1m tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea5m. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n m\u00e1y t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng k\u1ec7 ph\u00eda xa. V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CO2.<\/p><p>Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7: n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m gi\u1ea3m nhanh d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n, qu\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eaft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi CO2 \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ee9c nguy hi\u1ec3m. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m qu\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng.<\/p><h2>C\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i<\/h2><p>C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o CO2 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o theo d\u00f5i d\u00f9ng khi CO2 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng. C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f9ng khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng d\u00f9ng khi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/th><th>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t<\/th><th>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/th><th>Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/th><th>Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7<\/th><th>C\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CO2 t\u0103ng nhanh<\/td><td>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/td><td>T\u0103ng qu\u1ea1t t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td><td>Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o theo d\u00f5i<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1eeda gi\u00f3<\/td><td>X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn khi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO2 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/td><td>V\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t<\/td><td>M\u1edf van v\u00e0 t\u0103ng h\u00fat<\/td><td>C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea3i n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea1t<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0a v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CO2 cao k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m sau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea1y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh<\/td><td>C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o kh\u1ea9n<\/td><td>\u0110o b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y c\u1ea7m tay<\/td><td>S\u1eeda nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i<\/td><td>Chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>B\u00e1o l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00e2y v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n<\/td><td>Thay ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u1ed1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean<\/td><td>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><td>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td><td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m tra<\/td><td>So s\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay<\/td><td>Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Qu\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i<\/td><td>C\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed<\/td><td>D\u00f9ng qu\u1ea1t d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecbch an to\u00e0n<\/td><td>B\u00e1o l\u1ed7i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u00f4-t\u01a1<\/td><td>S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ea3i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00e0i c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi gian duy tr\u00ec, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, CO2 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong 30 gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 10 ph\u00fat th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p><p>Khi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eaft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111o th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Sau khi thay c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tham chi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p><h2>Ki\u1ec3m tra CO2 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y<\/h2><p>\u0110o CO2 sau khi ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Khi k\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y, lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u0103ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nghi\u1ec7m thu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p><p>Quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u1eeda gi\u00f3, qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat, m\u00e1y t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m, d\u00e0n l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1eebng d\u00e3y k\u1ec7. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111o t\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t s\u00e1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed: g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda c\u1ea5p, gi\u1eefa ph\u00f2ng, cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p, t\u1ea7ng gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng cao. M\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00ean \u0111o trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau khi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111o<\/th><th>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/th><th>Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o<\/th><th>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ghi<\/th><th>D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/th><th>H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>G\u1ea7n c\u1eeda c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi<\/td><td>Trong v\u00e0 sau chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ea1t<\/td><td>CO2, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m<\/td><td>CO2 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gi\u1eefa ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m<\/td><td>Sau khi qu\u1ea1t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh<\/td><td>Dao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u00f3 xo\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed<\/td><td>Cu\u1ed1i chu k\u1ef3 x\u1ea3<\/td><td>CO2 t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/td><td>Cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>T\u0103ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n<\/td><td>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3<\/td><td>CO2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m<\/td><td>Kh\u00ed t\u00f9, \u1ea9m cao<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ec7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u1ea7ng gi\u1eefa<\/td><td>So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh<\/td><td>Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p m\u1ea1nh<\/td><td>CO2 theo th\u1eddi gian<\/td><td>Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng cao<\/td><td>\u0110\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u1ea7ng cao<\/td><td>Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed<\/td><td>Khi qu\u1ea1t d\u1eebng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y<\/td><td>CO2, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/td><td>Kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng t\u00edch t\u1ee5<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea1t<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>N\u1ebfu ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch CO2 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u sau khi m\u1edf gi\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh b\u00e1o th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng lu\u00f4n cao, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eebng qu\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t, trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh theo v\u00f9ng.<\/p><p>Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i sau khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 k\u1ec7, t\u0103ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00fai ho\u1eb7c thay qu\u1ea1t. M\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00ean l\u01b0u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ec7, l\u1ecbch b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p><h2>Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n mua t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2><p>Nhu c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed h\u1eadu cho tr\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong nh\u00e0, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd g\u1ed3m L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c khoang tr\u1ed3ng m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh, t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi trang tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n. B\u1ed9 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1. Khoang m\u00f4-\u0111un th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ec3n khai nhanh, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eebng c\u1ee5m ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong t\u1eebng ph\u00f2ng.<\/p><p>Khi mua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, c\u1ea3ng C\u00e1t L\u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u1ed9i B\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t. Ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, n\u00ean h\u1ecfi r\u00f5 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n, ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed mua<\/th><th>Ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf<\/th><th>Trang tr\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/th><th>D\u1ef1 \u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng<\/th><th>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/th><th>R\u1ee7i ro n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D\u1ea3i \u0111o CO2<\/td><td>0\u20135.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u<\/td><td>0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u khi t\u1ea3i cao<\/td><td>Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea3i theo khu v\u1ef1c<\/td><td>C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng?<\/td><td>S\u1ed1 \u0111o b\u00e3o h\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn<\/td><td>Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng theo ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>C\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed t\u00f9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u1ea1t<\/td><td>B\u1eadt t\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p<\/td><td>Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/td><td\u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo v\u00f9ng<\/td><td>C\u00f3 v\u00f9ng tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td><td>Qu\u1ea1t b\u1eadt t\u1eaft li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m<\/td><td>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/td><td>N\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td><td>C\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c theo t\u1eebng ph\u00f2ng<\/td><td>C\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng?<\/td><td>M\u1ea5t \u1ea9m khi x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td><td>Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c<\/td><td>N\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/td><td>C\u1ea7n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eadp trung<\/td><td>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u trong bao l\u00e2u?<\/td><td>Kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ed7i<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 sau b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng<\/td><td>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eeb xa<\/td><td>\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng<\/td><td>K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/td><td>Th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 bao l\u00e2u?<\/td><td>D\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e2u khi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0110\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, danh s\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00e2y v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng n\u1ea5m, s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng k\u1ec7, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh.<\/p><h2>Ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2><p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong trang tr\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3, trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ed1ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n container tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m. V\u1edbi trang tr\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1edbn, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u CO2 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 truy nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ebb.<\/p><p>Trong ph\u00f2ng nu\u00f4i qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n CO2 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 theo t\u1ea3i h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p. Trong ph\u00f2ng \u01b0\u01a1m, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. Trong khoang m\u00f4-\u0111un, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea1t, van, m\u00e1y l\u1ea1nh, s\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m trong m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch khi trang tr\u1ea1i v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ca ho\u1eb7c \u1edf xa khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0.<\/p><p>Lanhu c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/smart-mushroom-cultivation-container\/\">khoang tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m th\u00f4ng minh<\/a> cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n m\u00f4-\u0111un h\u00f3a. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eebng khoang, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ri\u00eang t\u1eebng l\u00f4 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian thi c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ed1i v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.<\/p><h2>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/h2><p>Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e3y k\u1ec7, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda c\u1ea5p n\u00ean b\u00e1o CO2 th\u1ea5p. Qu\u1ea1t d\u1eebng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Sau khi \u0111o l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t qu\u1ea1t; \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ed5 sung qu\u1ea1t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ed5i.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra khi qu\u1ea1t h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ecbch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u01b0a \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u1ea9m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao khi\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3. Khi chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo CO2, gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi ban ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch qu\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y, ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c \u1ea9m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam. \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo CO2 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec chu k\u1ef3 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kh\u00ed.<\/p><p>Lanhu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/case\/\">d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu<\/a>. Khi xem m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tham kh\u1ea3o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. C\u1ea7n so s\u00e1nh lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ph\u00f2ng, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ec7, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a.<\/p><h2>C\u00f4ng ty ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/h2><p>Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng HVAC c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng ty t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu cho n\u1ea5m, khoang tr\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh, khoang th\u1ee7y canh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y b\u01a1m nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, Lanhu c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 12 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p canh t\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, CO2, th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m, quy m\u00f4 ph\u00f2ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u01a1n 30.000 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, gia c\u00f4ng kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5m, ch\u1ea5n CNC, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t panel c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t, l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ki\u1ec3m tra thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. M\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, x\u00e1c minh \u0111i\u1ec7n, th\u1eed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi giao h\u00e0ng.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, Lanhu cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 logistics qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 sau b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea3ng, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, quy c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p><p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o <a href=\"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/oem-odm-service\/\">d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e3n ri\u00eang, giao di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc khoang v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p><h2>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2><h3>C\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn CO2 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng n\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3><p>Ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Ph\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e3y k\u1ec7 n\u00ean \u0111o b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay. N\u1ebfu ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1edbn, c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n.<\/p><h3>D\u1ea3i \u0111o 0\u20135.000 hay 0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n?<\/h3><p>D\u1ea3i 0\u20135.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t trong v\u00f9ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. D\u1ea3i 0\u201310.000 ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p cao, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng cho m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p><h3>Qu\u1ea1t c\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef CO2 th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3><p>Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ea9m, th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo nhu c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng khi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i.<\/p><h3>V\u00ec sao CO2 gi\u1ea3m nhanh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh?<\/h3><p>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1eadm. C\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 theo t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p, d\u00f9ng v\u00f9ng tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m b\u00f9 sau chu k\u1ef3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed.<\/p><h3>N\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda gi\u00f3 hay gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ec7?<\/h3><p>C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda gi\u00f3 v\u00ec s\u1ed1 \u0111o d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed.<\/p><h3>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t?<\/h3><p>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ghi tr\u00ean nh\u00e3n. H\u00e3y \u0111o CO2 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng sau khi k\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng v\u1eabn cao d\u00f9 qu\u1ea1t ch\u1ea1y l\u00e2u, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u1ecdc gi\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, van, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00ed.<\/p><h3>C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3><p>C\u00f3. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u00ean so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tham chi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi v\u1ec7 sinh, phun h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 \u0111o c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p><h3>\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u?<\/h3><p>B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u1ecbch th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o \u1ea9m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c t\u1eaft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n \u0111o th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00e2y d\u1eabn, ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn.<\/p><h3>Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?<\/h3><p>C\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u CO2, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u01a1n.<\/p><h3>Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec?<\/h3><p>Trang tr\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n, gi\u1ea3m n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i.<\/p><p>Trong n\u0103m 2026 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t CO2 cho n\u1ea5m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eadt t\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n sang n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00ed h\u1eadu theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang d\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, ki\u1ec3m tra CO2 tr\u00ean k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ea3i, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea1t v\u1edbi van v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m. Khi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb xa, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n.<\/p>"},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"Uncategorized"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/mushroom-co2-controller-commercial-features-specifications-and-buyers-guide-2-1024x768.jpg",1024,768,true],"author_info":{"display_name":"yiyunyingalex","author_link":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/author\/yiyunyingalex\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":90,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":90,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Uncategorized","category_nicename":"uncategorized","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2929"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2929\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3020,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2929\/revisions\/3020"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2929"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}