{"id":1408,"date":"2026-08-28T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-28T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/blog\/mushroom-hvac-system-commercial-features-specifications-and-buyers-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-09-16T02:54:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T02:54:17","slug":"mushroom-hvac-system-commercial-features-specifications-and-buyers-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smartmushroomcabin.com\/vi\/blog\/mushroom-hvac-system-commercial-features-specifications-and-buyers-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Mushroom HVAC System: Commercial Features, Specifications, and Buyer’s Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Explore mushroom HVAC systems for the Global Market: configurations, capacities, climate control, automation, installation, and buying guidance for growers.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2739,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":{"en-title":"Mushroom HVAC Systems for the Global Market Buyers","en-meta":"Explore mushroom HVAC systems for the Global Market: configurations, capacities, climate control, automation, installation, and buying guidance for growers.","en-content":"

Quick Answer<\/h2>

A mushroom HVAC system is a purpose-built climate-control solution designed to manage temperature, relative humidity, fresh-air exchange, carbon dioxide concentration, airflow, and filtration inside mushroom growing rooms, containers, tunnels, and cultivation facilities. Unlike standard comfort air conditioning, mushroom climate equipment must respond to the biological requirements of mycelium growth, pinning, fruiting, harvesting, and room sanitation.<\/p>

For the Global Market, a commercial mushroom HVAC system commonly combines cooling, heating, humidification, dehumidification, ventilation fans, dampers, filters, sensors, variable-speed drives, and a programmable controller. It can be supplied as a split system, packaged air-handling unit, container-mounted climate unit, or customized central system for multiple growing rooms.<\/p>

The correct system is selected according to mushroom species, room size, substrate load, outside climate, crop cycle, insulation level, local electrical standard, available water source, and target production output. Oyster mushroom, shiitake, button mushroom, enoki, lion\u2019s mane, and specialty fungi can require different climate recipes. A reliable design therefore starts with a heat-load calculation and a cultivation process review rather than choosing equipment only by room area.<\/p>

For growers, contractors, and distributors, the practical buying goal is simple: stable crop conditions with low energy consumption, easy maintenance, and controls that remain usable in real operating conditions. A properly matched mushroom HVAC system helps reduce crop stress, improve uniformity across shelves or beds, limit condensation, manage CO2 during fruiting, and support predictable production planning.<\/p>

What Is a Mushroom HVAC System and Where Is It Used?<\/h2>

A mushroom HVAC system is an integrated environmental-control package engineered for fungal cultivation. It conditions and circulates air while balancing moisture and gas concentration. In a production room, mushrooms themselves, substrate bags, compost, workers, lighting, motors, and outdoor air all affect the indoor climate. The HVAC system manages these changing loads so the growing environment stays within the setpoints defined by the farm\u2019s crop recipe.<\/p>

These systems are used in commercial mushroom farms, spawn laboratories, fruiting rooms, incubation rooms, container farms, mushroom processing support areas, agricultural research facilities, and modular cultivation projects. They are suitable for independent farms and large-scale operations with several climate zones. In markets with high land costs or limited building infrastructure, container-based systems are particularly useful because the cultivation room and climate equipment can be integrated before delivery.<\/p>

Common global project destinations include farms near Rotterdam and Antwerp serving European produce distribution routes, indoor agriculture projects around Dubai and Jebel Ali, food-production facilities near Singapore, growing operations in California and Vancouver, and commercial agricultural clusters near Sydney, S\u00e3o Paulo, Johannesburg, Istanbul, and Manila. Equipment exported through Qingdao Port, Shanghai Port, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, or Shenzhen can be configured for regional voltage, frequency, climate conditions, and shipping limitations.<\/p>

Typical Applications by Growing Stage<\/h3>
Application Area<\/th>Main Climate Objective<\/th>Typical Control Focus<\/th>Common Equipment Arrangement<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Spawn incubation room<\/td>Support stable mycelium colonization<\/td>Temperature stability and limited fresh air<\/td>Cooling\/heating unit with circulation fans<\/td><\/tr>
Fruiting room<\/td>Initiate and sustain fruit body development<\/td>Humidity, CO2, fresh air, gentle airflow<\/td>Air handler, humidifier, exhaust and intake dampers<\/td><\/tr>
Container mushroom farm<\/td>Provide compact all-season production<\/td>Full automatic climate management<\/td>Integrated packaged HVAC and controller<\/td><\/tr>
Compost or substrate room<\/td>Manage biological heat and moisture release<\/td>Ventilation, cooling and odor management<\/td>High-airflow ventilation and cooling system<\/td><\/tr>
Research cultivation chamber<\/td>Repeat experimental environmental conditions<\/td>High sensor precision and data logging<\/td>Precision controller with independent zones<\/td><\/tr>
Harvest and short-term holding room<\/td>Preserve quality after picking<\/td>Cooling and hygiene control<\/td>Low-temperature refrigeration and filtered air<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

The table shows why one \u201cstandard air conditioner\u201d is rarely sufficient for mushroom production. Fruiting rooms require coordinated humidity and fresh-air control, while incubation rooms may emphasize stable temperature and air circulation. A supplier should understand the crop stage before recommending capacity and configuration.<\/p>

For new modular projects, growers can review smart mushroom cultivation containers<\/a> as an alternative to constructing a conventional insulated growing room. These units are useful where construction schedules, land leases, seasonal production, or remote-site logistics make modular deployment attractive.<\/p>

Standard Product Configuration and System Boundaries<\/h2>

A standard mushroom HVAC package is normally designed as a climate-control assembly, not merely a cooling machine. Its core boundary generally includes the air-conditioning section, ventilation section, humidification section, sensors, electrical control cabinet, and local operating interface. Depending on the project, it may also include ductwork, air distribution outlets, heat recovery, ultraviolet treatment, drain systems, remote communications, and integration with farm-management software.<\/p>

System boundaries must be clearly agreed before ordering. For example, the HVAC supplier may provide the air-handling equipment and controller, while the customer or local contractor provides room insulation, building power cables, water piping, drainage connection, exterior weather cover, concrete pad, and commissioning labor. Defining these responsibilities early prevents delays during installation.<\/p>

Typical Standard Configuration<\/h3>
Subsystem<\/th>Standard Function<\/th>Typical Included Items<\/th>Optional Upgrade<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Cooling and heating<\/td>Maintain room temperature<\/td>Compressor, coils, expansion device, heat exchanger<\/td>Heat pump or low-ambient operation kit<\/td><\/tr>
Fresh-air ventilation<\/td>Reduce CO2 and renew indoor air<\/td>Supply fan, exhaust fan, intake damper<\/td>Heat recovery ventilator<\/td><\/tr>
Humidification<\/td>Maintain crop moisture conditions<\/td>High-pressure misting or ultrasonic humidifier<\/td>Water treatment and automatic flushing<\/td><\/tr>
Air filtration<\/td>Reduce dust and airborne contaminants<\/td>Washable pre-filter or panel filter<\/td>Higher-grade filtration or UV treatment<\/td><\/tr>
Control system<\/td>Coordinate climate equipment<\/td>PLC or dedicated climate controller, display<\/td>Remote cloud access and alarm notifications<\/td><\/tr>
Air distribution<\/td>Deliver air evenly through the room<\/td>Duct connections and basic outlets<\/td>Fabric ducting, perforated duct or zoning dampers<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

This configuration table should be used as a procurement checklist. The buyer should compare not only the equipment list but also the control logic, sensor quantity, filtration grade, ducting scope, installation materials, and after-sales obligations. A low initial quotation may exclude components essential for stable crop performance.<\/p>

For projects requiring a dedicated control platform, the smart mushroom climate controller<\/a> can be specified as a separate component or integrated with a complete climate system. This approach is useful for retrofit projects where the farm has existing cooling or ventilation hardware but needs more specialized environmental control.<\/p>

Capacity, Dimensions, and Utility Requirements<\/h2>

Mushroom HVAC capacity is determined by more than room volume. The design team should evaluate outside temperature and humidity, room insulation, wall and roof solar gain, number of substrate blocks or compost beds, biological heat generation, fresh-air requirement, lighting, equipment heat, worker occupancy, door opening frequency, and crop-specific humidity targets. Farms in hot and humid regions may require significant latent cooling and dehumidification capacity, while cold-climate farms may need stronger heating and frost protection.<\/p>

Typical commercial systems may range from compact 3 kW to 10 kW climate units for small modular rooms to 20 kW, 40 kW, 60 kW, or larger engineered systems for multi-room farms. Actual capacity should always be confirmed by a project-specific calculation. Oversized equipment can cause short cycling and uneven humidity, while undersized equipment may fail to control temperature during peak summer conditions.<\/p>

Illustrative Capacity and Utility Planning Guide<\/h3>
Project Scale<\/th>Indicative Room Volume<\/th>Typical Cooling Range<\/th>Electrical Supply<\/th>Water and Drainage Needs<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Small test room<\/td>20\u201350 m\u00b3<\/td>3\u20136 kW<\/td>220\u2013240 V, single phase or local equivalent<\/td>Humidifier water line and floor drain<\/td><\/tr>
Compact container farm<\/td>50\u2013100 m\u00b3<\/td>6\u201315 kW<\/td>380\u2013415 V, three phase preferred<\/td>Filtered water, condensate and washdown drainage<\/td><\/tr>
Single fruiting room<\/td>100\u2013250 m\u00b3<\/td>15\u201330 kW<\/td>Three phase, 50 Hz or 60 Hz<\/td>Water supply, drain trap and wastewater route<\/td><\/tr>
Medium commercial farm<\/td>250\u2013800 m\u00b3<\/td>30\u201380 kW<\/td>Three phase with dedicated breaker<\/td>Humidification water treatment may be required<\/td><\/tr>
Multi-room cultivation site<\/td>800\u20132,000 m\u00b3<\/td>80\u2013200 kW<\/td>Three phase distribution board<\/td>Central drainage, make-up water and service access<\/td><\/tr>
Large engineered facility<\/td>Above 2,000 m\u00b3<\/td>Custom engineered<\/td>Project-specific electrical design<\/td>Central utilities, backup plan and monitoring<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

The ranges above are for preliminary planning only and are not a substitute for engineering selection. Capacity can vary considerably between a well-insulated room in Northern Europe and an exposed building in a tropical coastal location. A grower in Mombasa, Ho Chi Minh City, Miami, or Jakarta may require a different moisture-removal strategy from a project in Warsaw, Toronto, or Almaty.<\/p>

When requesting a quotation, provide room drawings, interior height, insulation panel thickness, local summer and winter design temperatures, mushroom variety, planned substrate quantity, shelf layout, electrical standard, water quality details, and preferred shipping port. This information enables the supplier to select appropriate fans, coils, compressor protection, pipe connections, and control parameters.<\/p>

Temperature, Humidity, CO2, Airflow, and Control Performance<\/h2>

Climate performance should be judged by stability, uniformity, response time, and controllability rather than by cooling capacity alone. Mushroom crops are sensitive to sudden environmental swings. High CO2 may cause long stems or deformed caps in some varieties, while excessive direct airflow can dry fruit bodies. Low humidity may reduce yield or cause cracking, whereas uncontrolled high humidity and poor circulation can increase condensation and disease risk.<\/p>

A professional mushroom HVAC system continuously measures key variables and adjusts cooling, heating, ventilation, humidification, and fan speed. Setpoints may change automatically by growth stage. For example, a farm may use one recipe for incubation, another for pinning, and another for fruiting and harvest preparation. Multi-stage control helps avoid manual adjustments that are inconsistent across shifts.<\/p>

Typical Environmental Control Parameters<\/h3>
Parameter<\/th>Why It Matters<\/th>Typical Monitoring Method<\/th>Control Equipment<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Temperature<\/td>Influences growth rate, pinning and crop quality<\/td>Digital room temperature sensor<\/td>Cooling coil, heater, heat pump<\/td><\/tr>
Relative humidity<\/td>Supports fruit body development and reduces drying<\/td>Humidity sensor in representative air zone<\/td>Humidifier, cooling coil, ventilation logic<\/td><\/tr>
CO2 concentration<\/td>Affects morphology and fresh-air demand<\/td>NDIR CO2 sensor<\/td>Fresh-air damper and exhaust fan<\/td><\/tr>
Air velocity<\/td>Promotes uniform conditions without crop damage<\/td>Commissioning measurement and fan feedback<\/td>Variable-speed circulation fan and ducts<\/td><\/tr>
Static pressure<\/td>Helps manage air balance between rooms<\/td>Pressure sensor or airflow calibration<\/td>Dampers, supply fans and exhaust fans<\/td><\/tr>
Condensate condition<\/td>Indicates cooling and drainage performance<\/td>Visual inspection and drain monitoring<\/td>Drain pan, trap, slope and alarm option<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

The correct setpoints vary by species, strain, substrate formulation, cultivation method, and local farm practice. Suppliers should avoid promising one universal temperature or humidity setting for all mushrooms. Instead, the control system should allow growers to create and protect their own recipes, with password levels for operators, supervisors, and technicians.<\/p>

Air distribution is often underestimated. Even a powerful cooling unit can perform poorly if cold air is discharged directly onto mushrooms or if shelves at the far end of the room receive little circulation. Perforated ducts, fabric ducts, side-wall supply arrangements, return-air grilles, and variable-speed fans may be used to create gentler and more even air movement. During commissioning, temperature and humidity should be checked at several shelf levels and room positions, not only beside the wall controller.<\/p>

Core Components, Materials, and Protection Features<\/h2>

Commercial mushroom production is a high-humidity environment, so equipment materials and protective details matter. Components may be exposed to continuous moisture, cleaning chemicals, organic dust, condensate, and frequent operation. A durable mushroom HVAC system should therefore use corrosion-resistant materials, properly sealed electrical assemblies, accessible filters, insulated panels, stable fan assemblies, and drainage components designed to avoid standing water.<\/p>

Core cooling components commonly include a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, expansion device, refrigerant piping, and protective switches. The air side includes supply and return fans, dampers, filters, ducts, and distribution outlets. Control components include temperature, humidity, and CO2 sensors, a programmable controller, contactors or variable-frequency drives, circuit breakers, alarms, and an operator interface.<\/p>

Materials and Protective Design Checklist<\/h3>
Component Area<\/th>Preferred Construction<\/th>Protection Benefit<\/th>Buyer Verification Point<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Cabinet panels<\/td>Powder-coated steel, galvanized steel or stainless steel option<\/td>Improves resistance to damp environments<\/td>Confirm coating and panel thickness<\/td><\/tr>
Insulated enclosure<\/td>High-density insulated sandwich panels<\/td>Reduces heat gain and surface condensation<\/td>Check insulation thickness and joint sealing<\/td><\/tr>
Heat exchanger coil<\/td>Corrosion-resistant coil design<\/td>Supports longer operation in humid air<\/td>Ask about coating and cleaning access<\/td><\/tr>
Electrical cabinet<\/td>Sealed enclosure with labeled wiring<\/td>Helps protect controls from moisture and dust<\/td>Confirm enclosure rating and service access<\/td><\/tr>
Drainage section<\/td>Sloped drain pan and trapped condensate line<\/td>Reduces stagnant water and odor risks<\/td>Verify drain outlet location and slope<\/td><\/tr>
Fan and motor<\/td>Balanced impeller with protected motor<\/td>Improves airflow stability and equipment life<\/td>Confirm motor rating and speed-control option<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

This table highlights the difference between equipment built for agricultural production and general indoor comfort applications. Buyers should also ask whether filters can be replaced from a service side, whether sensors can be calibrated, whether electrical wiring is numbered, and whether spare components are available for the intended market.<\/p>

For humid coastal locations such as Lagos, Manila, Colombo, Cartagena, or Auckland, corrosion protection should receive special attention. For dusty agricultural regions, accessible pre-filtration and coil-cleaning arrangements become equally important. A site assessment can identify whether additional weather protection, external condenser placement, sun shading, or salt-air protection is necessary.<\/p>

Automation, Remote Monitoring, and Customization Options<\/h2>

Automation improves consistency by converting cultivation knowledge into repeatable climate recipes. A modern mushroom HVAC controller can schedule temperature, humidity, CO2, ventilation, and lighting-related actions by stage or time period. It can also record alarms, show historical curves, support automatic restart after power recovery, and notify managers when a condition moves outside the permitted range.<\/p>

Remote monitoring is valuable for farms with multiple rooms, distant owners, contract growers, or centralized technical teams. Depending on the communication infrastructure, the system may support Ethernet, Wi-Fi, mobile-network gateways, or cloud-based dashboards. Remote access should supplement, not replace, local controls. The farm must still be able to safely operate essential functions when internet service is unavailable.<\/p>

Common Automation and Customization Options<\/h3>
Option<\/th>Operational Value<\/th>Best-Fit Project<\/th>Important Selection Note<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Recipe-based climate control<\/td>Automates stage changes<\/td>Multi-cycle commercial farms<\/td>Require editable crop recipes<\/td><\/tr>
Remote dashboard<\/td>Displays room status and historical data<\/td>Multi-site operators and investors<\/td>Confirm data ownership and access levels<\/td><\/tr>
Mobile alarm notification<\/td>Speeds response to failures<\/td>Unattended or night-operated farms<\/td>Set escalation contacts clearly<\/td><\/tr>
Variable-frequency fan drive<\/td>Adjusts airflow while saving energy<\/td>Fruiting rooms with changing loads<\/td>Confirm minimum airflow safeguards<\/td><\/tr>
Heat recovery ventilation<\/td>Reduces energy loss from fresh-air exchange<\/td>Cold climates and high ventilation demand<\/td>Review cleaning and bypass requirements<\/td><\/tr>
OEM control interface<\/td>Matches local brand or project standards<\/td>Distributors and equipment integrators<\/td>Define branding, language and documentation scope<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

The table demonstrates how automation options should be matched to operational priorities. A small farm may only need reliable local controls and alarm lights, while a distributed farming company may prioritize data visibility, role-based access, trend reports, and remote technical support.<\/p>

Customization can include voltage and frequency selection, cooling capacity, housing dimensions, duct orientation, air inlet position, filtration grade, refrigerant configuration, controller language, remote protocol, branding, and packaging. Through OEM and ODM customization services<\/a>, distributors and project developers can develop systems aligned with local standards, customer preferences, and their own commercial identity.<\/p>

Looking toward 2026, mushroom climate control is expected to move further toward sensor-driven optimization, predictive maintenance, energy monitoring, and integrated production data. More growers are expected to evaluate heat recovery, high-efficiency variable-speed compressors, air-source heat pumps, water-saving humidification, lower-impact refrigerant choices, and renewable-energy integration. Sustainability policies, energy-cost volatility, food-security programs, and carbon-reporting expectations are increasing demand for measurable energy performance rather than equipment selected only by purchase price.<\/p>

Installation, Commissioning, Maintenance, and Warranty<\/h2>

Successful installation begins before the equipment arrives. The site should have a level equipment base, completed insulated room envelope, correctly sized electrical supply, water connection where required, drainage point, service clearance, and prepared duct openings. Outdoor equipment should be placed where airflow is not blocked and where technicians can safely access panels for cleaning and repair.<\/p>

For export projects, installation planning should account for container unloading, forklift or crane access, local electrical codes, customs documentation, and availability of qualified refrigeration technicians. Farms near logistics hubs such as Hamburg, Los Angeles, Durban, Santos, Dubai, and Singapore may have strong contractor availability, while remote agricultural projects should consider spare-parts kits and detailed remote commissioning support.<\/p>

Commissioning and Maintenance Schedule<\/h3>
Activity<\/th>Recommended Timing<\/th>Purpose<\/th>Responsible Party<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Electrical verification<\/td>Before first start-up<\/td>Confirm voltage, grounding and protective devices<\/td>Qualified local electrician<\/td><\/tr>
Airflow balancing<\/td>During commissioning<\/td>Ensure even distribution across growing area<\/td>HVAC technician and farm manager<\/td><\/tr>
Sensor calibration check<\/td>At commissioning and periodically<\/td>Protect climate-control accuracy<\/td>Technician or trained operator<\/td><\/tr>
Filter inspection<\/td>Weekly or according to dust load<\/td>Maintain airflow and hygiene<\/td>Farm operator<\/td><\/tr>
Coil and drain cleaning<\/td>Monthly or seasonal<\/td>Prevent efficiency loss and water blockage<\/td>Maintenance technician<\/td><\/tr>
Full performance review<\/td>Before peak growing season<\/td>Identify wear, leaks and control issues<\/td>Authorized service provider<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

This schedule is a general guide. Actual maintenance intervals depend on operating hours, water quality, dust levels, cleaning methods, outdoor conditions, and crop cycles. Records should include alarm history, sensor checks, filter changes, drain cleaning, refrigerant service, and any changes made to crop recipes.<\/p>

Commissioning should include confirming fan rotation, refrigerant-system operation, heating response, humidifier output, CO2 sensor readings, fresh-air damper movement, alarm functions, drainage, control setpoints, and airflow distribution. The farm team should receive practical training on daily operation, alarm interpretation, cleaning, seasonal preparation, and emergency procedures.<\/p>

Warranty terms should be stated in the commercial agreement. Buyers should verify the warranty period, covered components, exclusions, response process, required maintenance conditions, spare-parts availability, and whether remote technical support is included. Clear photographs, controller screenshots, electrical readings, and operating logs can speed up troubleshooting when international after-sales support is required.<\/p>

Our Company<\/h2>

Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. supports global agricultural and industrial climate-control projects from Dezhou, Shandong, China. The company focuses on mushroom cultivation climate solutions, smart cultivation containers, climate controllers, hydroponic plant containers, and air-source heat pump applications for commercial growers, contractors, distributors, and engineering companies.<\/p>

Technological Capabilities<\/h3>

Lanhu applies more than 12 years of thermodynamic research and development experience to climate-control product design. Its engineering approach considers cooling, heating, moisture management, ventilation, airflow balance, CO2 control, and intelligent operation as one coordinated system. With more than 45 registered patents, the company can support standard products as well as application-specific configuration for mushroom farms operating in diverse climates.<\/p>

Manufacturing Capabilities<\/h3>

The company operates a manufacturing facility of more than 30,000 square meters. Integrated capabilities include product design, engineering development, sheet metal fabrication, CNC bending, insulation panel production, electrical assembly, system integration, equipment testing, and quality inspection. Systems are functionally inspected, electrically verified, performance tested, and operationally evaluated before shipment. Relevant management and safety credentials include ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001, and ISO 12100 certifications.<\/p>

Service Capabilities<\/h3>

Lanhu provides factory-direct supply, engineering assistance, OEM and ODM support, international logistics coordination, spare-parts support, installation guidance, and after-sales service. The team can help project owners prepare technical information before procurement and support equipment selection for new farms, container projects, retrofit rooms, and distributor programs. Growers can review practical installations through the company\u2019s mushroom cultivation project cases<\/a> or discuss a planned facility directly through the project inquiry channel<\/a>.<\/p>

FAQ<\/h2>

How is a mushroom HVAC system different from a normal air conditioner?<\/h3>

A normal air conditioner mainly controls room temperature for human comfort. A mushroom HVAC system is designed to manage temperature, humidity, CO2, fresh-air volume, air distribution, filtration, and crop-stage automation. It must work reliably in high-humidity cultivation conditions and avoid airflow patterns that can damage mushrooms.<\/p>

Can one HVAC unit serve several mushroom rooms?<\/h3>

Yes, but each room should ideally have independent sensors and zoning controls because crop stages and loads may differ. A central system can serve multiple rooms using dampers, separate air handlers, or dedicated branches, but the design must prevent one room\u2019s conditions from negatively affecting another.<\/p>

What information is needed for an accurate quotation?<\/h3>

Provide room dimensions, insulation details, crop type, substrate quantity, desired growing stages, local weather data, electrical specification, water availability, drainage conditions, expected operating hours, installation country, and preferred delivery port. Photos and drawings are also helpful.<\/p>

Does high humidity mean the system does not need dehumidification?<\/h3>

No. Mushroom rooms often require high relative humidity, but excess moisture can still cause condensation, wet surfaces, poor air quality, and disease pressure. Cooling coils, controlled ventilation, airflow management, and dehumidification logic may be needed to maintain the correct moisture balance.<\/p>

Can the controller be monitored remotely?<\/h3>

Remote monitoring can be configured for suitable projects. Available features may include live temperature, humidity and CO2 values, equipment status, historical records, alarm notifications, and user access control. The exact functions depend on the selected controller and local network conditions.<\/p>

What should be considered for tropical or coastal climates?<\/h3>

Projects in hot, humid, or salt-air environments should consider larger latent cooling capacity, corrosion protection, weather covers, drainage reliability, filtration, sun protection, and equipment service access. Local outdoor design conditions should be included in the engineering calculation.<\/p>

Can the system be customized for local voltage and branding?<\/h3>

Yes. Commercial configurations can be adapted for local voltage, frequency, electrical components, housing dimensions, airflow direction, controller language, communication options, and OEM branding. Final specifications should be confirmed before production.<\/p>

How often should filters and drains be maintained?<\/h3>

Filters should be inspected regularly, often weekly in dusty environments, while drains and coil surfaces should be checked according to operating conditions and cleaning schedules. A preventive maintenance plan is essential for stable airflow, energy efficiency, and hygienic operation.<\/p>","es-title":"Climatizaci\u00f3n para setas en Espa\u00f1a: gu\u00eda de compra","es-meta":"Descubra el sistema de climatizaci\u00f3n para cultivo de setas en Espa\u00f1a: capacidades, control ambiental, instalaci\u00f3n, consumo y criterios de compra.","es-content":"

Respuesta r\u00e1pida<\/h2>

Un sistema de climatizaci\u00f3n para cultivo de setas es una soluci\u00f3n dise\u00f1ada para controlar de forma estable la temperatura, la humedad relativa, el di\u00f3xido de carbono, la renovaci\u00f3n de aire y la circulaci\u00f3n interna dentro de salas de cultivo, t\u00faneles, naves o contenedores. Su objetivo no es \u00fanicamente enfriar o calentar: debe reproducir las condiciones ambientales que cada especie necesita durante la incubaci\u00f3n, la inducci\u00f3n y la fructificaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

En Espa\u00f1a, estos sistemas se utilizan especialmente en explotaciones comerciales de champi\u00f1\u00f3n, seta de ostra, shiitake, melena de le\u00f3n, enoki y otras variedades gourmet. Son adecuados para productores de Castilla-La Mancha, La Rioja, Navarra, Catalu\u00f1a, Murcia, Andaluc\u00eda y Galicia, donde las condiciones exteriores pueden variar de manera importante entre estaciones. En climas c\u00e1lidos y secos, como los de Almer\u00eda, Murcia o Sevilla, el equipo debe priorizar la refrigeraci\u00f3n y la humidificaci\u00f3n. En zonas con inviernos fr\u00edos, como Burgos, Soria o Huesca, es igualmente relevante contar con calefacci\u00f3n eficiente, aislamiento y recuperaci\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica.<\/p>

Una soluci\u00f3n profesional suele incluir unidad de tratamiento de aire, refrigeraci\u00f3n, calefacci\u00f3n, humidificaci\u00f3n, ventiladores, filtros, conductos, sensores ambientales, cuadro el\u00e9ctrico y controlador programable. Las configuraciones m\u00e1s avanzadas incorporan acceso remoto, alarmas, registro de datos y estrategias autom\u00e1ticas para reducir el consumo energ\u00e9tico.<\/p>

Para una explotaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola, la compra debe basarse en la especie cultivada, metros cuadrados, altura de la sala, volumen de sustrato, densidad de estanter\u00edas, clima local, aislamiento disponible, potencia el\u00e9ctrica y nivel de automatizaci\u00f3n requerido. Una selecci\u00f3n basada \u00fanicamente en la superficie puede provocar falta de capacidad, condensaci\u00f3n, aire desigual o costes operativos innecesarios.<\/p>

\u00bfQu\u00e9 es un sistema de climatizaci\u00f3n para setas y d\u00f3nde se utiliza?<\/h2>

La climatizaci\u00f3n para setas integra equipos mec\u00e1nicos, el\u00e9ctricos y de control para mantener un microclima predecible. A diferencia de una instalaci\u00f3n de confort para oficinas o viviendas, el cultivo de hongos exige tolerancias m\u00e1s estrechas y respuestas r\u00e1pidas. El metabolismo del micelio, la evaporaci\u00f3n del sustrato, la carga de personas, la iluminaci\u00f3n y la entrada de aire exterior modifican continuamente el ambiente de la sala.<\/p>

El sistema aporta aire tratado, distribuye el caudal de forma homog\u00e9nea, extrae el aire cargado de di\u00f3xido de carbono y evita puntos de condensaci\u00f3n. Tambi\u00e9n ayuda a limitar problemas habituales como tallos excesivamente largos, sombreros peque\u00f1os, bordes secos, abortos de primordios, manchas bacterianas, desarrollo irregular y p\u00e9rdidas de peso comercial.<\/p>

Su uso es habitual en c\u00e1maras de fructificaci\u00f3n, salas de incubaci\u00f3n, salas de preparaci\u00f3n de sustrato, instalaciones de bloque comprado, laboratorios de producci\u00f3n de semilla, naves con estanter\u00edas multicapa y contenedores inteligentes para cultivo de setas<\/a>. Los contenedores resultan especialmente \u00fatiles para proyectos piloto, fincas con espacio limitado, centros de formaci\u00f3n, distribuidores agr\u00edcolas y productores que desean ampliar por m\u00f3dulos sin construir una nave completa desde el inicio.<\/p>

En el mercado espa\u00f1ol, los sistemas de climatizaci\u00f3n para hongos tienen aplicaci\u00f3n tanto en explotaciones familiares que comercializan producto fresco en mercados locales como en proyectos industriales que abastecen a centrales hortofrut\u00edcolas, cadenas de restauraci\u00f3n, distribuidores de Mercamadrid, Mercabarna, Mercasevilla o plataformas log\u00edsticas pr\u00f3ximas a Valencia y Bilbao. Para equipos importados, los puertos de Valencia, Barcelona, Bilbao y Algeciras son puntos relevantes de entrada y distribuci\u00f3n.<\/p>
Tipo de instalaci\u00f3n<\/th>Uso principal<\/th>Necesidad de control<\/th>Configuraci\u00f3n recomendada<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Sala de fructificaci\u00f3n<\/td>Producci\u00f3n de cuerpos fruct\u00edferos<\/td>Muy alta<\/td>Refrigeraci\u00f3n, humidificaci\u00f3n, aire exterior y sensores<\/td><\/tr>
Sala de incubaci\u00f3n<\/td>Colonizaci\u00f3n del sustrato<\/td>Media-alta<\/td>Calefacci\u00f3n, ventilaci\u00f3n moderada y control t\u00e9rmico<\/td><\/tr>
Nave con estanter\u00edas<\/td>Producci\u00f3n comercial intensiva<\/td>Muy alta<\/td>Conductos sectorizados y automatizaci\u00f3n central<\/td><\/tr>
Contenedor modular<\/td>Proyecto compacto o ampliable<\/td>Alta<\/td>Equipo integrado y control remoto<\/td><\/tr>
Centro de investigaci\u00f3n<\/td>Ensayos varietales y formaci\u00f3n<\/td>Muy alta<\/td>Control por recetas y registro de datos<\/td><\/tr>
Sala de bloques comprados<\/td>Fructificaci\u00f3n de bloques inoculados<\/td>Alta<\/td>Unidad compacta con renovaci\u00f3n regulable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

La tabla anterior muestra que no todas las \u00e1reas de una granja necesitan el mismo equipo. Separar incubaci\u00f3n y fructificaci\u00f3n permite ajustar mejor las consignas y evita que un proceso interfiera en otro. En instalaciones comerciales, dividir por zonas tambi\u00e9n facilita el mantenimiento sin detener toda la producci\u00f3n.<\/p>

Configuraci\u00f3n est\u00e1ndar del producto y l\u00edmites del sistema<\/h2>

Una configuraci\u00f3n est\u00e1ndar suele partir de una unidad de tratamiento de aire dise\u00f1ada para el volumen de la sala y la carga t\u00e9rmica prevista. Puede incorporar bater\u00eda de fr\u00edo, bater\u00eda de calor, ventiladores de impulsi\u00f3n, filtros lavables o reemplazables, compuertas de aire exterior, compuertas de retorno, secci\u00f3n de humidificaci\u00f3n, drenaje de condensados y cuadro de control.<\/p>

El alcance exacto debe definirse antes de solicitar presupuesto. Algunos proveedores entregan solamente el equipo principal; otros pueden suministrar conductos, difusores, sensores, cables, paneles aislantes, estructura interior, gu\u00edas de instalaci\u00f3n o una soluci\u00f3n modular completa. Conviene indicar si el proyecto incluye obra civil, alimentaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica hasta el cuadro, tuber\u00edas de agua, desag\u00fces, instalaci\u00f3n de refrigerante, montaje local y legalizaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica.<\/p>

El sistema no sustituye buenas pr\u00e1cticas de cultivo. La climatizaci\u00f3n no corregir\u00e1 por s\u00ed sola un sustrato contaminado, una mala inoculaci\u00f3n, estanter\u00edas mal limpiadas, drenajes deficientes o una sala con aislamiento insuficiente. El dise\u00f1o debe considerar la higiene, la separaci\u00f3n entre zonas limpias y sucias, el acceso de operarios, la limpieza de filtros y el mantenimiento de los humidificadores.<\/p>
Elemento incluido habitualmente<\/th>Funci\u00f3n<\/th>Debe confirmarse en la oferta<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Unidad de tratamiento de aire<\/td>Enfr\u00eda, calienta y mueve el aire<\/td>Capacidad y tensi\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica<\/td><\/tr>
Controlador ambiental<\/td>Gestiona consignas y alarmas<\/td>N\u00famero de zonas y acceso remoto<\/td><\/tr>
Sensores<\/td>Miden temperatura, humedad y di\u00f3xido de carbono<\/td>Ubicaci\u00f3n, precisi\u00f3n y repuestos<\/td><\/tr>
Humidificaci\u00f3n<\/td>Eleva la humedad del ambiente<\/td>Calidad de agua y tratamiento antical<\/td><\/tr>
Ventilaci\u00f3n y conductos<\/td>Distribuyen aire y renuevan la atm\u00f3sfera<\/td>Longitud, aislamiento y montaje<\/td><\/tr>
Protecciones el\u00e9ctricas<\/td>Reducen riesgos de fallo<\/td>Protecci\u00f3n contra sobrecargas y fugas<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Antes de comprar, solicite un diagrama funcional donde se indiquen claramente los l\u00edmites de suministro. Esta documentaci\u00f3n evita malentendidos frecuentes entre fabricante, instalador, electricista, empresa de fr\u00edo y responsable de la explotaci\u00f3n. Tambi\u00e9n es recomendable pedir una lista de repuestos cr\u00edticos para disponer de sensores, contactores, fusibles y elementos de desgaste durante la campa\u00f1a.<\/p>

Capacidad, dimensiones y requisitos de suministros<\/h2>

La capacidad de un sistema de cultivo de setas no debe expresarse solo en kilovatios de refrigeraci\u00f3n. El c\u00e1lculo profesional incorpora volumen interior, superficie de paneles, calidad del aislamiento, orientaci\u00f3n solar, clima de la localidad, n\u00famero de aperturas de puerta, calor generado por el sustrato, personas, motores, iluminaci\u00f3n y caudal de aire exterior requerido.<\/p>

Una c\u00e1mara de 100 metros cuadrados con 3 metros de altura no se comporta igual que otra de la misma superficie con estanter\u00edas de cinco niveles y mayor cantidad de compost o bloques. En esta segunda opci\u00f3n, la carga biol\u00f3gica y la resistencia al flujo de aire pueden ser muy superiores. Por ello, la medici\u00f3n del volumen \u00fatil y la distribuci\u00f3n interior forman parte esencial de la ingenier\u00eda.<\/p>

Para proyectos en Espa\u00f1a, se debe verificar la alimentaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica disponible: monof\u00e1sica o trif\u00e1sica, frecuencia, potencia contratada y necesidad de ampliar el suministro. Las granjas de mayor tama\u00f1o suelen requerir alimentaci\u00f3n trif\u00e1sica y una previsi\u00f3n de potencia que contemple compresores, ventiladores, bombas, humidificaci\u00f3n, iluminaci\u00f3n, equipos de envasado y futuras ampliaciones.<\/p>
Par\u00e1metro de dise\u00f1o<\/th>Dato que debe aportar el comprador<\/th>Impacto en el equipo<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Superficie de sala<\/td>Metros cuadrados interiores<\/td>Define distribuci\u00f3n y tama\u00f1o inicial<\/td><\/tr>
Altura libre<\/td>Metros hasta el techo<\/td>Determina el volumen de aire<\/td><\/tr>
Aislamiento<\/td>Tipo y espesor de paneles<\/td>Influye en p\u00e9rdidas t\u00e9rmicas<\/td><\/tr>
Localidad<\/td>Provincia y condiciones exteriores<\/td>Determina cargas de verano e invierno<\/td><\/tr>
Tipo de cultivo<\/td>Especie, sustrato y densidad<\/td>Modifica humedad y carga metab\u00f3lica<\/td><\/tr>
Potencia disponible<\/td>Tensi\u00f3n, fases y potencia contratada<\/td>Condiciona la selecci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica<\/td><\/tr>
Agua y drenaje<\/td>Calidad del agua y punto de evacuaci\u00f3n<\/td>Afecta humidificaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Las dimensiones del equipo deben coordinarse con puertas, pasillos, altura de descarga y accesos para carretillas. En una nave existente cerca de Logro\u00f1o, Cuenca o Lleida, una unidad compacta puede ser preferible si el espacio t\u00e9cnico es limitado. En proyectos nuevos, se recomienda reservar una zona de servicio con acceso para inspecci\u00f3n de ventiladores, filtros, v\u00e1lvulas, cuadros y desag\u00fces.<\/p>

Adem\u00e1s de la electricidad, el sistema puede necesitar agua limpia para humidificaci\u00f3n, desag\u00fce con pendiente, conexi\u00f3n de red para supervisi\u00f3n y, seg\u00fan el dise\u00f1o, una fuente de calor auxiliar. En \u00e1reas con agua dura, frecuentes en varias zonas del litoral mediterr\u00e1neo y la meseta, es aconsejable valorar filtraci\u00f3n, descalcificaci\u00f3n o tratamiento adecuado para proteger boquillas, sondas y tuber\u00edas.<\/p>

Rendimiento de temperatura, humedad, di\u00f3xido de carbono, aire y control<\/h2>

El rendimiento debe evaluarse como la capacidad de mantener condiciones uniformes y repetibles, no como un valor aislado de cat\u00e1logo. Cada especie y fase de cultivo necesita una receta concreta. La seta de ostra, por ejemplo, suele requerir condiciones m\u00e1s frescas y h\u00famedas durante fructificaci\u00f3n, mientras que el shiitake y la melena de le\u00f3n pueden seguir programas distintos seg\u00fan la variedad, el sustrato y la etapa productiva.<\/p>

El di\u00f3xido de carbono es uno de los indicadores m\u00e1s importantes. Una concentraci\u00f3n alta puede favorecer ciertos momentos del desarrollo vegetativo, pero durante fructificaci\u00f3n puede afectar la forma, longitud y calidad comercial de las setas. La ventilaci\u00f3n debe aumentar cuando sea necesario sin provocar una ca\u00edda excesiva de humedad ni cambios t\u00e9rmicos bruscos.<\/p>

La velocidad del aire debe ser suficiente para evitar bolsas de aire estancado, pero no tan intensa que reseque los primordios o genere diferencias entre estanter\u00edas. Los difusores, conductos perforados o salidas regulables deben situarse teniendo en cuenta la geometr\u00eda de la sala, la disposici\u00f3n de los estantes y la direcci\u00f3n del retorno.<\/p>
Variable<\/th>Funci\u00f3n en el cultivo<\/th>Riesgo si no se controla<\/th>Medida recomendada<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Temperatura<\/td>Regula crecimiento y fructificaci\u00f3n<\/td>Producci\u00f3n lenta o estr\u00e9s t\u00e9rmico<\/td>Sondas en varios puntos de sala<\/td><\/tr>
Humedad relativa<\/td>Evita deshidrataci\u00f3n del cultivo<\/td>Sombreros secos o condensaci\u00f3n<\/td>Humidificaci\u00f3n modulante<\/td><\/tr>
Di\u00f3xido de carbono<\/td>Gestiona morfolog\u00eda y renovaci\u00f3n<\/td>Tallos largos y deformaciones<\/td>Sensor espec\u00edfico y extracci\u00f3n regulada<\/td><\/tr>
Velocidad del aire<\/td>Homogeneiza el microclima<\/td>Zonas secas o aire estancado<\/td>Conductos equilibrados<\/td><\/tr>
Presi\u00f3n diferencial<\/td>Reduce entrada de contaminantes<\/td>Infiltraciones no deseadas<\/td>Compuertas y control de ventiladores<\/td><\/tr>
Tiempo de respuesta<\/td>Corrige cambios ambientales<\/td>Oscilaciones durante la producci\u00f3n<\/td>Controlador con l\u00f3gica programable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Los valores exactos deben fijarse con el asesor de cultivo o con el responsable t\u00e9cnico de cada granja. No es recomendable copiar una receta de internet sin validar la especie, la cepa, la composici\u00f3n del sustrato, la densidad de carga y las condiciones de la instalaci\u00f3n. Un buen sistema permite crear diferentes programas por fase y ajustarlos a partir de datos de producci\u00f3n reales.<\/p>

Componentes principales, materiales y caracter\u00edsticas de protecci\u00f3n<\/h2>

Los componentes de una soluci\u00f3n de climatizaci\u00f3n para setas deben soportar un ambiente h\u00famedo, con limpieza frecuente y potencial presencia de compuestos org\u00e1nicos. Por este motivo, la selecci\u00f3n de materiales es tan importante como la capacidad frigor\u00edfica. Las superficies accesibles, los drenajes correctos y la facilidad de limpieza ayudan a mantener la bioseguridad.<\/p>

Las unidades pueden fabricarse con paneles aislados, chapa con recubrimiento anticorrosivo, acero inoxidable en zonas cr\u00edticas, bandejas de condensados, aislantes de alta densidad y juntas selladas. Los ventiladores deben seleccionarse para trabajar con la presi\u00f3n est\u00e1tica generada por filtros, conductos y difusores. Si el ventilador queda sobredimensionado o mal regulado, puede aumentar el consumo y perjudicar la humedad de las bandejas de cultivo.<\/p>

La protecci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica debe incluir interruptores adecuados, protecciones contra sobrecarga, alarmas de alta o baja temperatura, aviso de fallo de sensor y l\u00f3gica de seguridad para impedir que una aver\u00eda simple detenga toda la ventilaci\u00f3n. Tambi\u00e9n se recomienda dise\u00f1ar un modo manual controlado para operaciones de mantenimiento.<\/p>

Desde el punto de vista tecnol\u00f3gico, Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. desarrolla soluciones de control clim\u00e1tico agr\u00edcola apoyadas en m\u00e1s de doce a\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n termodin\u00e1mica y una cartera de m\u00e1s de cuarenta y cinco patentes registradas. Esta experiencia permite adaptar el dise\u00f1o de la unidad, la circulaci\u00f3n de aire y la l\u00f3gica de control a proyectos de producci\u00f3n de hongos con distintas escalas y especies.<\/p>

Automatizaci\u00f3n, supervisi\u00f3n remota y opciones de personalizaci\u00f3n<\/h2>

La automatizaci\u00f3n convierte la climatizaci\u00f3n en una herramienta de gesti\u00f3n productiva. Un controlador puede recibir datos de temperatura, humedad, di\u00f3xido de carbono, estado de ventiladores, compresores, dep\u00f3sitos y alarmas. A partir de estas se\u00f1ales, activa o modula cada componente para acercar las condiciones reales a las consignas definidas.<\/p>

La supervisi\u00f3n remota resulta \u00fatil para explotaciones con varias c\u00e1maras, instalaciones ubicadas fuera de n\u00facleos urbanos o distribuidores que gestionan contenedores en diferentes provincias. Desde un tel\u00e9fono o un ordenador, el responsable puede revisar tendencias, confirmar alarmas, modificar programas autorizados y verificar el estado general antes de desplazarse a la granja.<\/p>

Un controlador clim\u00e1tico inteligente para setas<\/a> puede configurarse con recetas por especie y fase de producci\u00f3n. Es importante definir permisos de usuario: el operario puede consultar valores y reconocer alarmas, mientras que los cambios cr\u00edticos deben quedar reservados al responsable t\u00e9cnico. El registro hist\u00f3rico ayuda a relacionar incidencias ambientales con rendimiento, calibre, aspecto y merma.<\/p>
Opci\u00f3n de automatizaci\u00f3n<\/th>Beneficio operativo<\/th>Aplicaci\u00f3n habitual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Recetas por fase<\/td>Repite condiciones de producci\u00f3n<\/td>Incubaci\u00f3n, inducci\u00f3n y fructificaci\u00f3n<\/td><\/tr>
Alarmas remotas<\/td>Reduce tiempo de reacci\u00f3n<\/td>Fallo t\u00e9rmico o nivel bajo de agua<\/td><\/tr>
Registro de datos<\/td>Permite analizar campa\u00f1as<\/td>Control de calidad y trazabilidad<\/td><\/tr>
Control por zonas<\/td>Evita tratar salas iguales de forma distinta<\/td>Naves con varias c\u00e1maras<\/td><\/tr>
Ventiladores de velocidad variable<\/td>Ajusta caudal y ahorro energ\u00e9tico<\/td>Salas con carga cambiante<\/td><\/tr>
Acceso desde dispositivos<\/td>Facilita la supervisi\u00f3n a distancia<\/td>Gesti\u00f3n de fincas dispersas<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

La personalizaci\u00f3n puede incluir dimensiones especiales, tensi\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica compatible con la instalaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola, posici\u00f3n de conexiones, longitud de conductos, tipo de filtros, acabado anticorrosivo, paneles aislantes, rotulaci\u00f3n de cuadros y desarrollo con marca propia. Para distribuidores y empresas de ingenier\u00eda, Lanhu ofrece soluciones personalizadas con marca y dise\u00f1o a medida<\/a>, \u00fatiles para integrar el equipo en proyectos agr\u00edcolas completos.<\/p>

De cara a 2026, la tendencia es avanzar hacia sensores m\u00e1s precisos, mantenimiento predictivo, variadores de frecuencia, algoritmos de optimizaci\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica y paneles de control que comparen el consumo por kilogramo producido. La presi\u00f3n sobre los costes energ\u00e9ticos y los objetivos de sostenibilidad en Espa\u00f1a favorecen sistemas con mejor aislamiento, recuperaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda, refrigerantes de menor impacto y funcionamiento ajustado a la demanda real.<\/p>

Instalaci\u00f3n, puesta en marcha, mantenimiento y garant\u00eda<\/h2>

La instalaci\u00f3n empieza con una revisi\u00f3n del emplazamiento. Deben comprobarse medidas, accesos, capacidad el\u00e9ctrica, drenaje, suministro de agua, estructura de soporte, aislamiento, ubicaci\u00f3n de sondas y recorrido de conductos. Una mala colocaci\u00f3n de los sensores o un retorno de aire mal situado puede producir lecturas enga\u00f1osas y provocar que el equipo trabaje m\u00e1s de lo necesario.<\/p>

La puesta en marcha debe incluir comprobaci\u00f3n de conexiones el\u00e9ctricas, sentido de giro de ventiladores, estanqueidad, drenaje de condensados, calibraci\u00f3n de sensores, apertura de compuertas, equilibrio de caudales, prueba de alarmas y verificaci\u00f3n de las recetas de cultivo. Antes de introducir sustrato, es recomendable realizar una prueba de funcionamiento continuado para confirmar que la sala alcanza y mantiene las consignas.<\/p>

El mantenimiento preventivo protege la inversi\u00f3n. Los filtros deben revisarse con la frecuencia que exija la carga de polvo y esporas; los humidificadores requieren limpieza para prevenir dep\u00f3sitos minerales; las bandejas de drenaje deben permanecer libres; y los sensores deben verificarse peri\u00f3dicamente. La frecuencia exacta depender\u00e1 del uso, calidad del agua, condiciones exteriores y protocolo sanitario de la granja.<\/p>

Lanhu dispone de capacidades de fabricaci\u00f3n integradas que abarcan dise\u00f1o de producto, desarrollo t\u00e9cnico, fabricaci\u00f3n de chapa, plegado de precisi\u00f3n, producci\u00f3n de paneles aislantes, montaje el\u00e9ctrico, integraci\u00f3n de sistemas y pruebas funcionales. Antes del env\u00edo, los equipos pasan por inspecciones operativas, verificaciones el\u00e9ctricas y ensayos de rendimiento. Esta trazabilidad facilita una entrega m\u00e1s consistente para clientes que importan equipos a Espa\u00f1a.<\/p>

Las condiciones de garant\u00eda deben aparecer por escrito e indicar duraci\u00f3n, exclusiones, procedimiento de diagn\u00f3stico, disponibilidad de piezas y responsabilidades de instalaci\u00f3n. Para proyectos internacionales, conviene acordar desde el inicio el soporte documental, la lista de repuestos recomendados, los planos el\u00e9ctricos y el m\u00e9todo de asistencia t\u00e9cnica remota.<\/p>

Nuestra empresa<\/h2>

Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. es un fabricante especializado en equipos de control clim\u00e1tico agr\u00edcola, sistemas industriales de tratamiento de aire y soluciones modulares de cultivo. Su planta de producci\u00f3n en Dezhou, Shandong, China, supera los 30.000 metros cuadrados y trabaja con procesos internos de dise\u00f1o, producci\u00f3n, integraci\u00f3n y control de calidad.<\/p>

Para clientes de Espa\u00f1a, la empresa puede aportar apoyo de ingenier\u00eda desde la fase de consulta: an\u00e1lisis de necesidades, definici\u00f3n del alcance, selecci\u00f3n de configuraci\u00f3n, documentaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica y coordinaci\u00f3n de suministro internacional. Este enfoque es relevante para contratistas agr\u00edcolas, instaladores, distribuidores de equipamiento y proyectos comerciales que necesitan combinar maquinaria, paneles, conductos y automatizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

En el \u00e1rea de servicio, Lanhu ofrece suministro directo de f\u00e1brica, apoyo para log\u00edstica internacional, orientaci\u00f3n de instalaci\u00f3n, asistencia posventa y disponibilidad de repuestos. Los equipos pueden enviarse para proyectos que entren por puertos como Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao o Algeciras, seg\u00fan la planificaci\u00f3n log\u00edstica y el destino final. Para conocer proyectos implantados y configuraciones reales, consulte los casos de aplicaci\u00f3n de cultivo controlado<\/a>.<\/p>

La compa\u00f1\u00eda cuenta con certificaciones de gesti\u00f3n de calidad, gesti\u00f3n ambiental, seguridad y evaluaci\u00f3n de riesgos, entre ellas ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001 e ISO 12100. Estas referencias deben complementarse siempre con la revisi\u00f3n de compatibilidad t\u00e9cnica, requisitos locales de instalaci\u00f3n y normativa aplicable en Espa\u00f1a.<\/p>

Si desea preparar una propuesta, conviene enviar plano de sala, ciudad de instalaci\u00f3n, especie de seta, volumen de producci\u00f3n previsto, fotos del emplazamiento, disponibilidad el\u00e9ctrica y nivel de automatizaci\u00f3n requerido. Puede solicitar una evaluaci\u00f3n inicial mediante el formulario de contacto para proyectos de setas<\/a>.<\/p>

Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>

\u00bfQu\u00e9 sistema necesito para una peque\u00f1a granja de setas en Espa\u00f1a?<\/strong>
Depende del volumen de la sala, especie, aislamiento y clima de la provincia. Para una unidad peque\u00f1a puede ser adecuada una soluci\u00f3n compacta con refrigeraci\u00f3n, calefacci\u00f3n, humidificaci\u00f3n, ventilaci\u00f3n y controlador. El dimensionamiento debe realizarse con datos reales del recinto.<\/p>

\u00bfPuedo utilizar aire acondicionado dom\u00e9stico para cultivar setas?<\/strong>
Puede enfriar una estancia peque\u00f1a, pero normalmente no controla de forma integrada la humedad, el di\u00f3xido de carbono, la renovaci\u00f3n de aire ni la distribuci\u00f3n homog\u00e9nea. Para producci\u00f3n comercial, un sistema espec\u00edfico ofrece mayor estabilidad y mejores posibilidades de automatizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

\u00bfEs necesario controlar el di\u00f3xido de carbono?<\/strong>
S\u00ed. El di\u00f3xido de carbono influye directamente en la forma y calidad de muchas setas. La medici\u00f3n permite ventilar seg\u00fan la necesidad real, evitando tanto una atm\u00f3sfera cargada como p\u00e9rdidas innecesarias de humedad y energ\u00eda.<\/p>

\u00bfQu\u00e9 mantenimiento requiere el equipo?<\/strong>
Se recomienda limpiar o sustituir filtros, revisar humidificaci\u00f3n y drenajes, comprobar conexiones el\u00e9ctricas, inspeccionar ventiladores y verificar el funcionamiento de sensores y alarmas. La periodicidad debe adaptarse al nivel de uso y a la calidad del agua.<\/p>

\u00bfSe puede instalar en un contenedor modular?<\/strong>
S\u00ed. Los contenedores permiten integrar aislamiento, estanter\u00edas, iluminaci\u00f3n, climatizaci\u00f3n y control en una estructura transportable. Son una alternativa pr\u00e1ctica para pruebas comerciales, ampliaciones r\u00e1pidas y producci\u00f3n cercana a centros de consumo.<\/p>

\u00bfQu\u00e9 informaci\u00f3n debo pedir antes de comprar?<\/strong>
Solicite capacidad de fr\u00edo y calor, rango de funcionamiento, caudal de aire, consumo el\u00e9ctrico estimado, tensi\u00f3n, materiales, lista de componentes, planos, alcance de suministro, condiciones de garant\u00eda, repuestos y necesidades de instalaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

\u00bfQu\u00e9 tendencias marcar\u00e1n el mercado en 2026?<\/strong>
Se espera un aumento de equipos con control remoto, an\u00e1lisis de datos, ventiladores de velocidad variable, aislamiento mejorado, recuperaci\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica y sistemas dise\u00f1ados para reducir el consumo de agua y electricidad. La sostenibilidad ser\u00e1 un criterio de compra cada vez m\u00e1s relevante para productores espa\u00f1oles.<\/p>","pt-title":"Climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para Cogumelos em Portugal: Guia Comercial","pt-meta":"Conhe\u00e7a o sistema de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para cogumelos em Portugal: capacidades, controlo ambiental, instala\u00e7\u00e3o, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e crit\u00e9rios para comprar com seguran\u00e7a.","pt-content":"

Resposta R\u00e1pida<\/h2>

Um sistema de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para cogumelos \u00e9 uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o integrada para regular temperatura, humidade relativa, di\u00f3xido de carbono, renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar, filtra\u00e7\u00e3o e circula\u00e7\u00e3o em salas de cultivo. Em Portugal, \u00e9 utilizado por produtores comerciais de cogumelo branco, castanho, ostra, shiitake, juba-de-le\u00e3o e outras esp\u00e9cies que exigem condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais est\u00e1veis durante a incuba\u00e7\u00e3o, indu\u00e7\u00e3o e frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

Ao contr\u00e1rio de um aparelho de ar condicionado convencional, este sistema \u00e9 concebido para trabalhar em ambientes muito h\u00famidos, com cargas biol\u00f3gicas elevadas e necessidade constante de ar novo. Pode incluir bomba de calor, desumidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, ventiladores, condutas, filtros, sensores, quadro el\u00e9trico e controlador program\u00e1vel. O objetivo \u00e9 manter um microclima repet\u00edvel que proteja a qualidade, reduza perdas e aumente a previsibilidade das colheitas.<\/p>

Para explora\u00e7\u00f5es em Lisboa, Leiria, Santar\u00e9m, Aveiro, Porto, Braga, Coimbra, \u00c9vora, Faro ou regi\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas do interior, a sele\u00e7\u00e3o deve considerar o clima local, o isolamento do edif\u00edcio, a dimens\u00e3o das c\u00e2maras, a esp\u00e9cie cultivada e o n\u00famero de ciclos anuais. Uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o corretamente dimensionada pode reduzir oscila\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais, melhorar a uniformidade dos corpos frut\u00edferos e simplificar a gest\u00e3o di\u00e1ria da produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

O Que \u00c9 um Sistema de Climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para Cogumelos e Onde \u00c9 Utilizado<\/h2>

O sistema de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para cogumelos combina equipamentos de tratamento de ar e automa\u00e7\u00e3o para criar as condi\u00e7\u00f5es necess\u00e1rias ao desenvolvimento do mic\u00e9lio e \u00e0 frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o. O seu funcionamento baseia-se na leitura cont\u00ednua de sensores e no acionamento coordenado de aquecimento, arrefecimento, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, ventila\u00e7\u00e3o, desumidifica\u00e7\u00e3o e renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar.<\/p>

As necessidades variam por esp\u00e9cie e fase produtiva. Durante a incuba\u00e7\u00e3o, muitas esp\u00e9cies exigem temperatura controlada e ventila\u00e7\u00e3o moderada. Na frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o, torna-se fundamental remover o excesso de di\u00f3xido de carbono, manter humidade adequada e evitar correntes de ar diretas sobre os cogumelos. O sistema deve responder rapidamente \u00e0s mudan\u00e7as causadas pela respira\u00e7\u00e3o do substrato, entrada de trabalhadores, abertura de portas e varia\u00e7\u00f5es exteriores.<\/p>

Em Portugal, estas solu\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o aplicadas em salas de cultivo isoladas, armaz\u00e9ns convertidos, unidades agr\u00edcolas modulares, contentores de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, laborat\u00f3rios de inocula\u00e7\u00e3o, c\u00e2maras de frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o e projetos de agricultura urbana. Tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o relevantes para cooperativas, distribuidores hortofrut\u00edcolas, empresas de turismo rural e produtores que fornecem mercados municipais, restaura\u00e7\u00e3o, supermercados e plataformas log\u00edsticas.<\/p>
Principais locais de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o e necessidades ambientais<\/caption>
Local de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>Objetivo principal<\/th>Exig\u00eancia de controlo<\/th>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o recomendada<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Sala de frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Produ\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme<\/td>Elevada<\/td>Unidade integrada com sensores<\/td><\/tr>
C\u00e2mara de incuba\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Desenvolvimento do mic\u00e9lio<\/td>M\u00e9dia a elevada<\/td>Aquecimento e ventila\u00e7\u00e3o controlada<\/td><\/tr>
Contentor agr\u00edcola<\/td>Produ\u00e7\u00e3o modular<\/td>Elevada<\/td>Climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o compacta integrada<\/td><\/tr>
Armaz\u00e9m convertido<\/td>Aproveitamento de edif\u00edcio existente<\/td>Vari\u00e1vel<\/td>Sistema modular com condutas<\/td><\/tr>
Laborat\u00f3rio de substrato<\/td>Estabilidade e higiene<\/td>Elevada<\/td>Filtra\u00e7\u00e3o refor\u00e7ada e controlo t\u00e9rmico<\/td><\/tr>
Unidade de demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Ensino ou venda direta<\/td>M\u00e9dia<\/td>Controlador simples com monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

A tabela demonstra que o equipamento n\u00e3o deve ser escolhido apenas pela \u00e1rea da sala. A carga t\u00e9rmica do substrato, a taxa de renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar, a qualidade do isolamento e o regime de opera\u00e7\u00e3o determinam a capacidade efetiva necess\u00e1ria. Uma c\u00e2mara pequena, mas com elevada densidade de blocos produtivos, pode exigir mais controlo do que uma sala maior com baixa ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

Configura\u00e7\u00e3o Normal do Produto e Limites do Sistema<\/h2>

Uma configura\u00e7\u00e3o normal inclui unidade de tratamento de ar, sistema de arrefecimento e aquecimento, humidificador, ventiladores de insufla\u00e7\u00e3o e extra\u00e7\u00e3o, filtros, sensores ambientais, quadro el\u00e9trico, controlador program\u00e1vel e elementos de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de ar. Dependendo do projeto, podem ser adicionados desumidifica\u00e7\u00e3o independente, recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia, cortinas de ar, v\u00e1lvulas motorizadas e sistema de aviso remoto.<\/p>

Os limites do sistema devem ser definidos antes da encomenda. O fornecedor precisa de saber se a climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o inclui apenas o equipamento principal ou tamb\u00e9m condutas, isolamento, instala\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, drenagem, montagem, testes e assist\u00eancia no local. Esta clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o evita atrasos, custos imprevistos e incompatibilidades entre empreiteiros.<\/p>

Num projeto comercial, a fronteira habitual de fornecimento inclui a unidade clim\u00e1tica, sensores, controlador e documenta\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica. A constru\u00e7\u00e3o civil, a prepara\u00e7\u00e3o do pavimento, a alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica principal, a liga\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua, a descarga de condensados e a montagem de pain\u00e9is isolantes podem ser fornecidas separadamente ou inclu\u00eddas num contrato completo.<\/p>
Configura\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica e defini\u00e7\u00e3o de responsabilidades<\/caption>
Elemento<\/th>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>Normalmente inclu\u00eddo<\/th>Verifica\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Unidade clim\u00e1tica<\/td>Aquecer, arrefecer e movimentar ar<\/td>Sim<\/td>Capacidade e tens\u00e3o el\u00e9trica<\/td><\/tr>
Controlador ambiental<\/td>Regular par\u00e2metros e alarmes<\/td>Sim<\/td>Programas por esp\u00e9cie<\/td><\/tr>
Sensores<\/td>Medir temperatura, humidade e di\u00f3xido de carbono<\/td>Sim<\/td>Posicionamento e calibra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr>
Condutas de ar<\/td>Distribuir insufla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Conforme projeto<\/td>Material e percurso<\/td><\/tr>
Pain\u00e9is isolantes<\/td>Reduzir perdas t\u00e9rmicas<\/td>Conforme contrato<\/td>Espessura e veda\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr>
Instala\u00e7\u00e3o no local<\/td>Montar e colocar em servi\u00e7o<\/td>Conforme contrato<\/td>Acesso e meios de eleva\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Para compradores em Portugal, \u00e9 recomend\u00e1vel solicitar uma lista de fornecimento detalhada, desenho de instala\u00e7\u00e3o, esquema el\u00e9trico, lista de pe\u00e7as de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o e descri\u00e7\u00e3o dos trabalhos exclu\u00eddos. Quando o equipamento chega pelos portos de Sines, Lisboa, Set\u00fabal ou Leix\u00f5es, uma defini\u00e7\u00e3o clara das responsabilidades tamb\u00e9m facilita o planeamento de descarga, transporte terrestre e montagem.<\/p>

Capacidade, Dimens\u00f5es e Requisitos de Utilidades<\/h2>

A capacidade de um sistema de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para cogumelos deve ser calculada a partir das cargas reais da instala\u00e7\u00e3o. Entre os fatores mais importantes est\u00e3o a \u00e1rea e altura da sala, espessura do isolamento, temperatura exterior de ver\u00e3o e inverno, quantidade de substrato, calor metab\u00f3lico, n\u00famero de portas, frequ\u00eancia de abertura, humidade desejada e volume de ar novo.<\/p>

Em zonas costeiras portuguesas, como Porto, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, Lisboa e Faro, a humidade exterior pode afetar a estrat\u00e9gia de desumidifica\u00e7\u00e3o. No Alentejo e em \u00e1reas interiores de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes, as amplitudes t\u00e9rmicas sazonais exigem aten\u00e7\u00e3o refor\u00e7ada \u00e0 pot\u00eancia de arrefecimento e aquecimento. Por este motivo, n\u00e3o \u00e9 aconselh\u00e1vel selecionar uma unidade apenas com base em metros quadrados.<\/p>
Dados a recolher para dimensionamento preliminar<\/caption>
Par\u00e2metro<\/th>Unidade<\/th>Impacto no sistema<\/th>Informa\u00e7\u00e3o a fornecer<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u00c1rea \u00fatil<\/td>Metros quadrados<\/td>Define volume base<\/td>Comprimento e largura<\/td><\/tr>
Altura interior<\/td>Metros<\/td>Afeta o volume de ar<\/td>Altura livre e estantes<\/td><\/tr>
Isolamento<\/td>Espessura<\/td>Define perdas t\u00e9rmicas<\/td>Paredes, teto e pavimento<\/td><\/tr>
Carga de substrato<\/td>Quilogramas<\/td>Aumenta calor biol\u00f3gico<\/td>Quantidade m\u00e1xima por ciclo<\/td><\/tr>
Temperatura exterior<\/td>Graus Celsius<\/td>Determina pot\u00eancia sazonal<\/td>Localiza\u00e7\u00e3o da explora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr>
Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica<\/td>Voltagem e frequ\u00eancia<\/td>Define compatibilidade<\/td>Quadro dispon\u00edvel no local<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Al\u00e9m da eletricidade, a instala\u00e7\u00e3o pode exigir \u00e1gua limpa para humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, drenagem para condensados, liga\u00e7\u00e3o de rede para monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o remota e espa\u00e7o t\u00e9cnico para manuten\u00e7\u00e3o. A alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica deve ser confirmada antes da produ\u00e7\u00e3o do equipamento, especialmente quando se utilizam motores de maior pot\u00eancia ou v\u00e1rias salas controladas por um \u00fanico quadro.<\/p>

As dimens\u00f5es externas da unidade dependem da capacidade, do tipo de ventilador, da presen\u00e7a de bomba de calor, do reservat\u00f3rio de \u00e1gua e do m\u00e9todo de transporte. Em projetos com acessos estreitos, portas baixas ou edif\u00edcios antigos, pode ser mais adequado utilizar m\u00f3dulos separados. A verifica\u00e7\u00e3o antecipada de corredores, portas, rampas e zonas de descarga evita a necessidade de desmontagem no local.<\/p>

Temperatura, Humidade, Di\u00f3xido de Carbono, Fluxo de Ar e Desempenho de Controlo<\/h2>

O desempenho de uma instala\u00e7\u00e3o depende da estabilidade, n\u00e3o apenas da capacidade m\u00e1xima. O controlador deve manter os valores definidos com varia\u00e7\u00f5es reduzidas, responder a altera\u00e7\u00f5es graduais e evitar ciclos demasiado frequentes dos equipamentos. A precis\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria \u00e9 definida pela esp\u00e9cie, pela fase de cultivo e pelo n\u00edvel de uniformidade exigido pelo mercado.<\/p>

A temperatura influencia diretamente a velocidade de crescimento e a qualidade. A humidade evita secagem excessiva, mas valores demasiado elevados podem favorecer condensa\u00e7\u00e3o e problemas sanit\u00e1rios. O di\u00f3xido de carbono deve ser removido por renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar controlada, pois concentra\u00e7\u00f5es elevadas podem alterar a morfologia dos cogumelos. O fluxo de ar deve ser distribu\u00eddo de forma homog\u00e9nea, sem criar zonas secas ou correntes diretas.<\/p>
Par\u00e2metros orientativos para controlo ambiental<\/caption>
Par\u00e2metro<\/th>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o no cultivo<\/th>Risco de valor baixo<\/th>Risco de valor elevado<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Temperatura<\/td>Regula o crescimento<\/td>Crescimento lento<\/td>Stress t\u00e9rmico e perdas<\/td><\/tr>
Humidade relativa<\/td>Protege a frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>Secagem e fissuras<\/td>Condensa\u00e7\u00e3o e contamina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr>
Di\u00f3xido de carbono<\/td>Indica necessidade de ar novo<\/td>Renova\u00e7\u00e3o excessiva de ar<\/td>Deforma\u00e7\u00e3o dos cogumelos<\/td><\/tr>
Velocidade do ar<\/td>Distribui clima uniforme<\/td>Zonas estagnadas<\/td>Desidrata\u00e7\u00e3o localizada<\/td><\/tr>
Press\u00e3o diferencial<\/td>Ajuda a gerir entradas de ar<\/td>Entrada descontrolada<\/td>Dificuldade de ventila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr>
Tempo de funcionamento<\/td>Indica efici\u00eancia operacional<\/td>Resposta insuficiente<\/td>Consumo energ\u00e9tico elevado<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Os valores concretos devem ser confirmados com base na variedade, no fornecedor de substrato e no protocolo agron\u00f3mico. Uma explora\u00e7\u00e3o de cogumelo ostra pode exigir um perfil de ventila\u00e7\u00e3o diferente de uma unidade de shiitake. Por isso, a automa\u00e7\u00e3o deve permitir criar receitas por sala, fase e esp\u00e9cie, em vez de aplicar uma \u00fanica defini\u00e7\u00e3o a toda a produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

Para melhorar o controlo, os sensores devem ser instalados em posi\u00e7\u00f5es representativas, afastados de jatos diretos de ar, portas e fontes de \u00e1gua. Em salas longas, recomenda-se avaliar mais do que um ponto de medi\u00e7\u00e3o. A diferen\u00e7a entre a leitura do controlador e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es reais nas estantes pode revelar problemas de circula\u00e7\u00e3o ou isolamento.<\/p>

Componentes Principais, Materiais e Caracter\u00edsticas de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>

Os componentes principais incluem compressores ou bomba de calor, serpentinas de troca t\u00e9rmica, ventiladores, humidificadores, filtros, v\u00e1lvulas, sensores, condutas, pain\u00e9is el\u00e9tricos e controlador. A sele\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais \u00e9 essencial porque o ambiente de cultivo apresenta humidade elevada, lavagem frequente e presen\u00e7a de part\u00edculas org\u00e2nicas.<\/p>

Estruturas em chapa galvanizada com revestimento adequado, a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel em zonas cr\u00edticas, pain\u00e9is isolantes resistentes \u00e0 humidade e componentes el\u00e9tricos protegidos ajudam a prolongar a vida \u00fatil. O desenho deve permitir acesso a filtros, ventiladores, bicos de humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, drenagens e caixas el\u00e9tricas sem desmontagem complexa.<\/p>
Materiais e recursos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o recomendados<\/caption>
Componente<\/th>Material ou recurso<\/th>Benef\u00edcio<\/th>Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o associada<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Estrutura exterior<\/td>Chapa tratada contra corros\u00e3o<\/td>Maior durabilidade<\/td>Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o visual peri\u00f3dica<\/td><\/tr>
Zonas h\u00famidas<\/td>A\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/td>Resist\u00eancia \u00e0 lavagem<\/td>Limpeza regular<\/td><\/tr>
Pain\u00e9is isolantes<\/td>N\u00facleo t\u00e9rmico de alta densidade<\/td>Menos perdas de energia<\/td>Verificar juntas<\/td><\/tr>
Filtros de ar<\/td>Meio filtrante substitu\u00edvel<\/td>Melhor qualidade do ar<\/td>Limpar ou substituir<\/td><\/tr>
Quadro el\u00e9trico<\/td>Caixa com prote\u00e7\u00e3o adequada<\/td>Seguran\u00e7a em ambiente h\u00famido<\/td>Verifica\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica<\/td><\/tr>
Drenagem<\/td>Tubagem resistente e sif\u00e3o<\/td>Evita acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua<\/td>Desobstru\u00e7\u00e3o preventiva<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

As caracter\u00edsticas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o devem incluir alarmes de temperatura alta e baixa, falha de sensor, excesso de di\u00f3xido de carbono, falta de \u00e1gua, prote\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, atraso de arranque e registo de falhas. Para explora\u00e7\u00f5es sem presen\u00e7a permanente, os avisos remotos podem reduzir o tempo de resposta a uma avaria.<\/p>

Na fase de compra, pe\u00e7a informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre marcas ou especifica\u00e7\u00f5es dos componentes cr\u00edticos, disponibilidade de consum\u00edveis e acesso a pe\u00e7as de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o. Uma unidade eficiente perde valor se os filtros, sensores ou pe\u00e7as el\u00e9tricas n\u00e3o puderem ser obtidos rapidamente em Portugal ou enviados com prazos previs\u00edveis.<\/p>

Automa\u00e7\u00e3o, Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o Remota e Op\u00e7\u00f5es de Personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>

A automa\u00e7\u00e3o transforma a climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o num processo repet\u00edvel. Um controlador para cultivo de cogumelos pode gerir hor\u00e1rios, pontos de refer\u00eancia, ventiladores, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, ciclos de renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar, alarmes e receitas espec\u00edficas. Isto reduz a depend\u00eancia de ajustes manuais e facilita a compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre lotes produtivos.<\/p>

A monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o remota permite verificar o estado das salas atrav\u00e9s de dispositivos autorizados, consultar tend\u00eancias hist\u00f3ricas e receber alertas quando um par\u00e2metro sai da faixa definida. Para produtores com instala\u00e7\u00f5es em locais diferentes, por exemplo uma sala de produ\u00e7\u00e3o em Santar\u00e9m e uma unidade de embalagem pr\u00f3xima de Lisboa, a supervis\u00e3o centralizada pode simplificar a gest\u00e3o operacional.<\/p>

As op\u00e7\u00f5es de personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o podem abranger capacidade t\u00e9rmica, disposi\u00e7\u00e3o de condutas, posi\u00e7\u00e3o das liga\u00e7\u00f5es, idioma da interface, tipo de humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, filtros, integra\u00e7\u00e3o com equipamentos existentes e programa\u00e7\u00e3o por esp\u00e9cie. Para projetos modulares, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel combinar a climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o com uma unidade inteligente de cultivo de cogumelos<\/a> pronta para produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

Quando o objetivo \u00e9 atualizar uma instala\u00e7\u00e3o existente, um controlador clim\u00e1tico inteligente para cogumelos<\/a> pode ser avaliado como parte de uma moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o gradual. Antes da integra\u00e7\u00e3o, devem ser confirmadas as compatibilidades com sensores, motores, v\u00e1lvulas e alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica j\u00e1 instalados.<\/p>

At\u00e9 2026, prev\u00ea-se que o setor avance para controlo baseado em dados, sensores mais robustos, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o preditiva, utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de bombas de calor de maior efici\u00eancia e gest\u00e3o energ\u00e9tica por hor\u00e1rio. Em Portugal, a subida do custo da energia e a maior aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 sustentabilidade refor\u00e7am a procura por melhor isolamento, recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de calor, variadores de velocidade e utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o racional de \u00e1gua.<\/p>

As exig\u00eancias ambientais e de efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica tamb\u00e9m favorecem equipamentos com registo de consumo, capacidade de diagn\u00f3stico e componentes repar\u00e1veis. Projetos novos devem prever espa\u00e7o para expans\u00e3o futura, liga\u00e7\u00e3o a produ\u00e7\u00e3o fotovoltaica quando aplic\u00e1vel e melhoria da monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o sem substitui\u00e7\u00e3o completa da infraestrutura.<\/p>

Instala\u00e7\u00e3o, Coloca\u00e7\u00e3o em Servi\u00e7o, Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e Garantia<\/h2>

A instala\u00e7\u00e3o come\u00e7a com a confirma\u00e7\u00e3o do local, funda\u00e7\u00f5es, isolamento, acessos, pontos el\u00e9tricos, drenagem e percurso das condutas. Antes da chegada do equipamento, a sala deve estar limpa, vedada e preparada para receber os componentes. Uma veda\u00e7\u00e3o deficiente pode aumentar significativamente o consumo e dificultar a estabilidade ambiental.<\/p>

A coloca\u00e7\u00e3o em servi\u00e7o inclui inspe\u00e7\u00e3o das liga\u00e7\u00f5es, verifica\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, teste de ventiladores, confirma\u00e7\u00e3o de drenagem, calibra\u00e7\u00e3o de sensores, valida\u00e7\u00e3o dos alarmes e ensaio dos modos de aquecimento, arrefecimento, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o e ventila\u00e7\u00e3o. O t\u00e9cnico deve registar os valores iniciais e orientar o operador sobre a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do controlador.<\/p>
Plano pr\u00e1tico de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o preventiva<\/caption>
Frequ\u00eancia<\/th>Tarefa<\/th>Objetivo<\/th>Respons\u00e1vel habitual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Di\u00e1ria<\/td>Verificar alarmes e leituras<\/td>Detetar desvios cedo<\/td>Operador<\/td><\/tr>
Semanal<\/td>Inspecionar filtros e drenagem<\/td>Manter fluxo de ar<\/td>Operador<\/td><\/tr>
Mensal<\/td>Limpar humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o e ventiladores<\/td>Reduzir sujidade<\/td>Equipa t\u00e9cnica<\/td><\/tr>
Trimestral<\/td>Confirmar sensores<\/td>Preservar precis\u00e3o<\/td>T\u00e9cnico qualificado<\/td><\/tr>
Semestral<\/td>Verificar liga\u00e7\u00f5es el\u00e9tricas<\/td>Melhorar seguran\u00e7a<\/td>Eletricista<\/td><\/tr>
Anual<\/td>Revis\u00e3o integral do sistema<\/td>Prevenir paragens<\/td>Assist\u00eancia especializada<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

A explica\u00e7\u00e3o desta tabela \u00e9 simples: a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o regular custa menos do que uma interrup\u00e7\u00e3o durante a frutifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Filtros obstru\u00eddos, bicos de humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o sujos, sif\u00f5es bloqueados e sensores descalibrados podem afetar a qualidade da cultura antes de o problema ser vis\u00edvel.<\/p>

A garantia deve ser apresentada por escrito e indicar dura\u00e7\u00e3o, componentes abrangidos, exclus\u00f5es, procedimento de reclama\u00e7\u00e3o e requisitos de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 igualmente importante confirmar a disponibilidade de apoio t\u00e9cnico, pe\u00e7as de desgaste e instru\u00e7\u00f5es de diagn\u00f3stico. Para importa\u00e7\u00f5es, o comprador deve alinhar antecipadamente os prazos de fornecimento de pe\u00e7as e os meios de assist\u00eancia \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia.<\/p>

A Nossa Empresa<\/h2>

A Shandong Lanhu Air Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd. desenvolve solu\u00e7\u00f5es de climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola, equipamento industrial de tratamento de ar e sistemas modulares para cultivo. A empresa apoia projetos de cogumelos com uma abordagem orientada para as necessidades da sala, da esp\u00e9cie cultivada e do objetivo comercial do produtor.<\/p>

Em termos de capacidades tecnol\u00f3gicas, a Lanhu re\u00fane mais de doze anos de experi\u00eancia em investiga\u00e7\u00e3o termodin\u00e2mica e possui mais de quarenta e cinco patentes registadas. A equipa desenvolve solu\u00e7\u00f5es para controlo de temperatura, humidade, renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar e di\u00f3xido de carbono, incluindo equipamentos para salas convencionais e projetos compactos de cultivo.<\/p>

Nas capacidades de fabrico, a unidade de produ\u00e7\u00e3o em Dezhou, na prov\u00edncia de Shandong, ocupa mais de 30.000 metros quadrados. O processo integrado inclui desenvolvimento de produto, fabrico de chapa met\u00e1lica, dobragem de precis\u00e3o, produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pain\u00e9is isolantes, montagem el\u00e9trica, integra\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas, ensaios e inspe\u00e7\u00e3o de qualidade. Cada sistema \u00e9 submetido a verifica\u00e7\u00e3o funcional, confirma\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica, teste de desempenho e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o operacional antes do envio.<\/p>

As certifica\u00e7\u00f5es de gest\u00e3o da qualidade, ambiente, seguran\u00e7a e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de riscos contribuem para um processo de fornecimento estruturado. Para compradores portugueses, isto \u00e9 especialmente relevante quando o equipamento se destina a projetos com requisitos de rastreabilidade, expans\u00e3o comercial ou fornecimento cont\u00ednuo a clientes profissionais.<\/p>

Quanto \u00e0s capacidades de servi\u00e7o, a Lanhu disponibiliza fornecimento direto de f\u00e1brica, personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de projeto, apoio de engenharia, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o de instala\u00e7\u00e3o, apoio log\u00edstico internacional, pe\u00e7as de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o e assist\u00eancia ap\u00f3s a venda. Empresas de engenharia, distribuidores agr\u00edcolas, empreiteiros e produtores comerciais podem solicitar solu\u00e7\u00f5es adaptadas atrav\u00e9s do servi\u00e7o de desenvolvimento personalizado para projetos de cultivo<\/a>.<\/p>

Para analisar aplica\u00e7\u00f5es reais, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel consultar casos de instala\u00e7\u00f5es de cultivo climatizadas<\/a>. Para obter uma proposta baseada no tamanho da sala, localiza\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal, esp\u00e9cie e capacidade pretendida, utilize o formul\u00e1rio de contacto para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica<\/a>.<\/p>

Perguntas Frequentes<\/h2>

Qual \u00e9 a diferen\u00e7a entre climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o comum e climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para cogumelos?<\/strong>
Um sistema comum regula sobretudo a temperatura. A climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o para cogumelos gere tamb\u00e9m humidade elevada, di\u00f3xido de carbono, renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar, distribui\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme e prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos componentes num ambiente agr\u00edcola exigente.<\/p>

\u00c9 poss\u00edvel utilizar o sistema para v\u00e1rias esp\u00e9cies?<\/strong>
Sim. O controlador pode guardar programas diferentes para esp\u00e9cies e fases de cultivo. No entanto, salas separadas s\u00e3o prefer\u00edveis quando as exig\u00eancias ambientais s\u00e3o muito diferentes ou quando se pretende evitar contamina\u00e7\u00e3o cruzada.<\/p>

Como calcular a capacidade necess\u00e1ria?<\/strong>
\u00c9 necess\u00e1rio avaliar volume da sala, isolamento, clima da regi\u00e3o, quantidade de substrato, temperatura pretendida, renova\u00e7\u00e3o de ar e ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o. Uma avalia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica baseada apenas na \u00e1rea pode levar a subdimensionamento ou consumo excessivo.<\/p>

O equipamento pode ser instalado num armaz\u00e9m existente?<\/strong>
Sim, desde que o edif\u00edcio seja adaptado com isolamento, veda\u00e7\u00e3o, drenagem, alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de ar adequadas. Deve ser feita uma inspe\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9via para confirmar acessos e condi\u00e7\u00f5es estruturais.<\/p>

Que manuten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 indispens\u00e1vel?<\/strong>
Deve verificar regularmente filtros, drenagem, humidifica\u00e7\u00e3o, ventiladores, sensores e liga\u00e7\u00f5es el\u00e9tricas. A limpeza e a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o preventiva ajudam a preservar efici\u00eancia, precis\u00e3o e seguran\u00e7a.<\/p>

\u00c9 poss\u00edvel acompanhar a instala\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia?<\/strong>
Dependendo da configura\u00e7\u00e3o selecionada, o sistema pode disponibilizar monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o remota, hist\u00f3ricos de par\u00e2metros e alertas. A liga\u00e7\u00e3o de rede e as permiss\u00f5es de acesso devem ser planeadas durante a instala\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

Que informa\u00e7\u00f5es devo enviar para pedir uma proposta?<\/strong>
Indique localiza\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal, planta e altura da sala, tipo de isolamento, esp\u00e9cie de cogumelo, quantidade de substrato, condi\u00e7\u00f5es el\u00e9tricas, necessidade de condutas, prazo de entrega e se pretende apoio de instala\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>

Como reduzir o consumo energ\u00e9tico?<\/strong>
Invista em bom isolamento, portas estanques, controlo autom\u00e1tico, ventiladores eficientes, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o dos filtros e ajuste correto dos pontos de refer\u00eancia. A recupera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia e a integra\u00e7\u00e3o com produ\u00e7\u00e3o fotovoltaica podem ser avaliadas conforme o projeto.<\/p>","de-title":"Pilzklimaanlagen f\u00fcr Deutschland: Auswahl und Technik","de-meta":"Pilzklimaanlage f\u00fcr Deutschland: Funktionen, Auslegung, Regelung und Kaufhinweise f\u00fcr wirtschaftliche Zuchtbetriebe, Container und professionelle Kulturr\u00e4ume.","de-content":"

Kurzantwort<\/h2>

Eine Pilzklimaanlage ist ein abgestimmtes System zur Regelung von Temperatur, relativer Luftfeuchte, Kohlendioxidgehalt, Frischluftmenge und Luftverteilung in Pilzzuchtr\u00e4umen. Sie schafft reproduzierbare Wachstumsbedingungen f\u00fcr Champignons, Austernseitlinge, Shiitake, Kr\u00e4uterseitlinge, Igelstachelbart und weitere Speisepilze. Im Unterschied zu einer \u00fcblichen Geb\u00e4udeklimatisierung ber\u00fccksichtigt sie die hohe Verdunstung aus Substrat und Fruchtk\u00f6rpern, die rasche Kohlendioxidbildung sowie die hygienischen Anforderungen professioneller Kulturen.<\/p>

F\u00fcr Betriebe in Deutschland ist die richtige Pilzklimaanlage ein wesentlicher Faktor f\u00fcr Ertrag, Fruchtk\u00f6rperqualit\u00e4t, Energieverbrauch und Arbeitssicherheit. Sie kann in festen Kulturr\u00e4umen, isolierten Hallen, umgebauten Lagerbereichen oder modularen Anbaueinheiten eingesetzt werden. Entscheidend sind nicht allein die Nennleistung des Ger\u00e4ts, sondern auch Raumvolumen, Substratmenge, Belegungsrhythmus, regionale Sommer- und Winterbedingungen sowie die gew\u00fcnschte Automatisierung.<\/p>

F\u00fcr eine belastbare Beschaffung sollten K\u00e4ufer die Klimaberechnung, den Bereich der Feuchte- und Temperaturregelung, die Filterstufen, die Kondensatf\u00fchrung, die Steuerung und die Leistungen vor Ort schriftlich festlegen. Besonders in Regionen mit wechselhaftem Klima wie Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bayern, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg oder Schleswig-Holstein verhindert eine sauber geplante Anlage kostspielige Schwankungen zwischen den Kulturphasen.<\/p>

Was ist eine Pilzklimaanlage und wo wird sie eingesetzt?<\/h2>

Eine Pilzklimaanlage verbindet K\u00fchlung, Heizung, Befeuchtung, Entfeuchtung, Frischluftzufuhr, Umluft, Filtration und digitale Regelung zu einem Anbausystem. Die Komponenten arbeiten nicht unabh\u00e4ngig voneinander: Wird beispielsweise Frischluft eingebracht, ver\u00e4ndert sich zugleich die Raumtemperatur, der Feuchtegehalt und der Energiebedarf. Eine gute Auslegung steuert diese Wechselwirkungen nach Sensorwerten und kulturspezifischen Sollwerten.<\/p>

Der Einsatz reicht von kleinen Direktvermarktern mit einzelnen Fruchtungsr\u00e4umen bis zu gewerblichen Erzeugern mit mehreren Kammern und gestaffelten Erntezyklen. In Deutschland findet man solche L\u00f6sungen unter anderem in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben rund um M\u00fcnster, Oldenburg und Augsburg, in urbanen Lebensmittelprojekten in Berlin oder Hamburg sowie bei spezialisierten Produzenten im Umfeld von K\u00f6ln, Frankfurt am Main und Stuttgart. Auch Lebensmittelh\u00e4ndler, Forschungsbetriebe und Verarbeiter nutzen klimatisierte R\u00e4ume, um eine verl\u00e4ssliche Rohstoffqualit\u00e4t zu sichern.<\/p>

Bei Austernseitlingen liegt der Schwerpunkt oft auf einer kr\u00e4ftigen Frischluftzufuhr und gleichm\u00e4\u00dfiger Luftbewegung. F\u00fcr Shiitake sind stabile Temperaturfenster und eine sorgf\u00e4ltig abgestimmte Feuchtef\u00fchrung wichtig. Champignonbetriebe ben\u00f6tigen je nach Kulturphase eine pr\u00e4zise Kohlendioxidsteuerung und ausreichend dimensionierte Umluft. Das System muss daher zur Art, zum Substratformat, zur Besatzdichte und zur Produktionsplanung passen.<\/p>

F\u00fcr Betriebe, die eine schl\u00fcssige, mobile L\u00f6sung bevorzugen, kann ein intelligenter Pilzzuchtcontainer<\/a> eine Alternative zum vollst\u00e4ndigen Ausbau eines Geb\u00e4udes sein. Er kombiniert ged\u00e4mmte H\u00fclle, Technikraum und Kulturbereich in einer kompakten Einheit. Bei festen Geb\u00e4uden ist dagegen h\u00e4ufig eine zentrale Anlage mit getrennten Luftzonen wirtschaftlicher.<\/p>
Typische Einsatzbereiche von Pilzklimaanlagen und ihre Schwerpunkte<\/caption>
Einsatzbereich<\/th>Typische Kultur<\/th>Wichtiger Klimaschwerpunkt<\/th>Planungshinweis<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Fruchtungsraum<\/td>Austernseitling<\/td>Frischluft und niedriger Kohlendioxidgehalt<\/td>Zuluft ohne direkte Anstr\u00f6mung der Fruchtk\u00f6rper verteilen<\/td><\/tr>
Fruchtungsraum<\/td>Champignon<\/td>Gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Temperatur und Umluft<\/td>Mehrere Messpunkte auf Raumh\u00f6he vorsehen<\/td><\/tr>
Reiferaum<\/td>Shiitake<\/td>Stabile Feuchte und milde Luftbewegung<\/td>Kondenswasser auf Bl\u00f6cken vermeiden<\/td><\/tr>
Versuchs- und Schulungsanlage<\/td>Mehrere Arten<\/td>Flexible Sollwertprogramme<\/td>Chargen klar voneinander trennen<\/td><\/tr>
Containerbetrieb<\/td>Kleinchargen und Direktvermarktung<\/td>Hohe Fl\u00e4cheneffizienz<\/td>Stromanschluss, Ablauf und Aufstellfl\u00e4che pr\u00fcfen<\/td><\/tr>
Gro\u00dfbetrieb mit Kammern<\/td>Gestaffelte Produktion<\/td>Zonierung und Redundanz<\/td>Ausfallrisiken durch getrennte Regelkreise senken<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Die Tabelle zeigt, warum ein pauschales Ger\u00e4t selten die beste Wahl ist. Der Klimabedarf h\u00e4ngt nicht nur von der Pilzart ab, sondern ebenso von der Raumgeometrie, der Produktionsphase und dem Risiko einer Kreuzkontamination. Eine fachgerechte Luftf\u00fchrung ist dabei mindestens so wichtig wie die K\u00e4lteleistung.<\/p>

Serienausstattung und Systemgrenzen<\/h2>

Eine standardm\u00e4\u00dfige Pilzklimaanlage besteht \u00fcblicherweise aus einem isolierten Luftbehandlungsgeh\u00e4use, K\u00e4lte- und Heizmodul, Ventilatoren, Befeuchter, Filterbereich, Sensorik, Schaltschrank und programmierbarer Regelung. Je nach Projekt k\u00f6nnen Au\u00dfenluftklappe, Abluftventilator, W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung, elektrische Heizung oder eine W\u00e4rmepumpe erg\u00e4nzt werden. F\u00fcr den deutschen Markt sollte die elektrische Ausf\u00fchrung auf die \u00f6rtliche Netzversorgung, Schutzma\u00dfnahmen und die geplante Aufstellung abgestimmt sein.<\/p>

Die Systemgrenze muss vor Auftragserteilung eindeutig definiert werden. Zum Lieferumfang der Klimaanlage geh\u00f6ren nicht automatisch der Bau des Zuchtraums, die bauseitige Stromzuleitung, Wasseraufbereitung, Bodenabl\u00e4ufe, Wanddurchf\u00fchrungen oder das Rohrnetz au\u00dferhalb des Ger\u00e4ts. Ebenso k\u00f6nnen externe K\u00e4ltemittelarbeiten, Hebetechnik und die Einbindung in eine vorhandene Geb\u00e4udeleittechnik gesonderte Leistungen sein. Eine klare Schnittstellenliste sch\u00fctzt K\u00e4ufer vor Verz\u00f6gerungen bei der Montage.<\/p>

F\u00fcr feuchte Kulturr\u00e4ume empfiehlt sich eine korrosionsbest\u00e4ndige Innenausf\u00fchrung. Abwaschbare Oberfl\u00e4chen, zug\u00e4ngliche Tropfwanne, dicht ausgef\u00fchrte Paneelanschl\u00fcsse und eine kontrollierte Kondensatabf\u00fchrung erleichtern die Reinigung. Werden Sporen oder Staub aus benachbarten Bereichen erwartet, sollten Vorfilter und feinere Filterstufen nach der tats\u00e4chlichen Belastung gew\u00e4hlt werden.<\/p>
Beispiel f\u00fcr Serienausstattung und m\u00f6gliche Erweiterungen<\/caption>
Baugruppe<\/th>Typische Serienfunktion<\/th>M\u00f6gliche Erweiterung<\/th>Nutzen f\u00fcr den Betrieb<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Luftbehandlung<\/td>Isoliertes Geh\u00e4use mit Wartungst\u00fcren<\/td>Verst\u00e4rkte D\u00e4mmung<\/td>Geringere W\u00e4rmeverluste und weniger Kondensation<\/td><\/tr>
K\u00fchlung<\/td>Verdampfer und Regelventil<\/td>Leistungsreserve f\u00fcr Hitzetage<\/td>Stabilere Fruchtung im Sommer<\/td><\/tr>
Heizung<\/td>Elektrische oder wassergef\u00fchrte Nachheizung<\/td>W\u00e4rmepumpenanbindung<\/td>Effizientere Temperierung in \u00dcbergangszeiten<\/td><\/tr>
Befeuchtung<\/td>Feuchteerzeuger mit Regelventil<\/td>Wasserfiltration und Sp\u00fclprogramm<\/td>Weniger Ablagerungen und hygienischer Betrieb<\/td><\/tr>
Filtration<\/td>Grobfilter im Luftweg<\/td>Zus\u00e4tzliche Feinfilterstufe<\/td>Schutz vor Staub und Au\u00dfenluftbelastung<\/td><\/tr>
Steuerung<\/td>Temperatur- und Feuchteregelung<\/td>Mehrzonenregelung und Alarmmeldung<\/td>Bessere Kontrolle gestaffelter Kulturen<\/td><\/tr>
Luftkan\u00e4le<\/td>Grundanschl\u00fcsse f\u00fcr Zu- und Abluft<\/td>Textilschl\u00e4uche oder Lochkan\u00e4le<\/td>Gleichm\u00e4\u00dfigere Luftverteilung im Regalraum<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Diese \u00dcbersicht dient als Beschaffungsgrundlage. Vor dem Kauf sollte jeder Punkt als \u201eenthalten\u201c, \u201eoptional\u201c oder \u201ebauseits\u201c gekennzeichnet werden. Bei Importprojekten \u00fcber Hamburg oder Bremerhaven sind au\u00dferdem Verpackungsart, Ersatzteilumfang, Dokumentation und der Verantwortliche f\u00fcr die Inbetriebnahme zu vereinbaren.<\/p>

Leistung, Abmessungen und Anforderungen an die Versorgung<\/h2>

Die richtige Leistung wird nicht allein nach Quadratmetern bestimmt. Relevante Werte sind Raumvolumen, D\u00e4mmstandard, Au\u00dfenklima, T\u00fcr\u00f6ffnungen, Beleuchtung, Personenlast, Substratmenge, Verdunstung und Frischluftbedarf. Ein dicht belegter Raum mit vielen feuchten Substratbl\u00f6cken kann bei gleicher Grundfl\u00e4che ein deutlich h\u00f6heres Entfeuchtungs- und K\u00fchlbed\u00fcrfnis haben als ein locker best\u00fcckter Raum.<\/p>

F\u00fcr die Vorplanung werden h\u00e4ufig Kilowatt K\u00e4lteleistung, Kilowatt Heizleistung, Luftmenge pro Stunde und Wasserbedarf betrachtet. Die endg\u00fcltige Auslegung sollte jedoch eine Lastrechnung f\u00fcr Sommer- und Winterbedingungen enthalten. In Deutschland sind hei\u00dfe Perioden in Oberrheingraben, Rhein-Main-Gebiet und Teilen Ostdeutschlands ebenso zu ber\u00fccksichtigen wie Frostphasen in Bayern, Sachsen oder im Harz.<\/p>

Die Abmessungen der Anlage h\u00e4ngen von Luftmenge, Filterfl\u00e4che, Wartungszugang und gew\u00e4hlter Technik ab. In kleinen Anlagen kann ein kompaktes Ger\u00e4t direkt neben dem Raum stehen. Bei gr\u00f6\u00dferen Projekten sind ein separater Technikraum, ein Dachaufbau oder eine Au\u00dfenaufstellung mit frostsicherer Leitungsf\u00fchrung sinnvoll. Wartungst\u00fcren d\u00fcrfen nicht durch Regale, Paletten oder Wandanschl\u00fcsse blockiert werden.<\/p>
Orientierungswerte f\u00fcr die technische Vorplanung<\/caption>
Projektgr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/th>Raumvolumen<\/th>Typische Luftmenge<\/th>Elektrischer Anschluss<\/th>Zus\u00e4tzliche Anforderungen<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Kleiner Zuchtraum<\/td>bis 50 m\u00b3<\/td>500 bis 1.500 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Einphasig oder Drehstrom nach Leistung<\/td>Wasseranschluss und Kondensatablauf<\/td><\/tr>
Einzelkammer<\/td>50 bis 150 m\u00b3<\/td>1.500 bis 4.000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Drehstrom \u00fcblich<\/td>Getrennte Zu- und Abluftf\u00fchrung<\/td><\/tr>
Mittlerer Fruchtungsraum<\/td>150 bis 400 m\u00b3<\/td>4.000 bis 9.000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Drehstrom mit Schutzorganen<\/td>Technikfl\u00e4che und Revisionswege<\/td><\/tr>
Mehrkammerbetrieb<\/td>400 bis 1.000 m\u00b3<\/td>9.000 bis 20.000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Eigene Unterverteilung empfohlen<\/td>Zonenventile und Alarmkonzept<\/td><\/tr>
Gro\u00dfanlage<\/td>\u00fcber 1.000 m\u00b3<\/td>projektbezogen<\/td>Lastgang und Reserve pr\u00fcfen<\/td>W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung und Redundanz<\/td><\/tr>
Containerl\u00f6sung<\/td>abh\u00e4ngig von Baugr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/td>kompakt integriert<\/td>definierter Einspeisepunkt<\/td>Ebene Aufstellung und Ablaufgef\u00e4lle<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Die Werte sind bewusst als Orientierung angegeben und ersetzen keine technische Berechnung. Ein seri\u00f6ser Anbieter fragt nach Kulturart, Anzahl der Regale, Substratgewicht pro Charge, geplanter Erntefrequenz und regionalem Standort. Wer nur nach einer pauschalen \u201eLeistung pro Quadratmeter\u201c einkauft, riskiert eine zu kleine oder unn\u00f6tig energieintensive Anlage.<\/p>

Neben Strom und Wasser ben\u00f6tigt das System eine sichere Ableitung von Kondensat und Reinigungswasser. Bei kommunalen Gewerbestandorten, etwa in Duisburg, Leipzig oder N\u00fcrnberg, sollten Betreiber vorab kl\u00e4ren, welche Anschlusskapazit\u00e4ten vorhanden sind. Bei Neubauten k\u00f6nnen eine ausreichend gro\u00dfe technische Einspeisung und frostsichere Wasserleitungen sp\u00e4tere Umbauten vermeiden.<\/p>

Temperatur, Luftfeuchte, Kohlendioxid, Luftstrom und Regelg\u00fcte<\/h2>

Die Klimag\u00fcte einer Pilzproduktion wird an stabilen Messwerten und gleichm\u00e4\u00dfigen Bedingungen im gesamten Raum bewertet. Ein Sollwert auf dem Bedienbildschirm ist nicht ausreichend, wenn die hinteren Regalreihen w\u00e4rmer, trockener oder kohlendioxidreicher sind als die Bereiche an der T\u00fcr. Deshalb m\u00fcssen Sensorplatzierung, Zuluftverteilung, R\u00fcckluftwege und Luftgeschwindigkeit gemeinsam geplant werden.<\/p>

Die Temperaturbereiche sind von Art und Produktionsphase abh\u00e4ngig. W\u00e4hrend der Fruchtung vieler Austernseitlingsst\u00e4mme niedrigere Temperaturen bevorzugt, gelten f\u00fcr andere Arten abweichende Programme. Die relative Luftfeuchte muss hoch genug sein, um Austrocknung zu vermeiden, aber nicht so hoch, dass dauerhaft nasse Oberfl\u00e4chen, Tropfwasser oder mikrobiologische Probleme entstehen. Eine zeitweise Entfeuchtung kann trotz hoher Feuchteanforderungen notwendig sein.<\/p>

Kohlendioxid entsteht durch die Stoffwechselaktivit\u00e4t des Myzels. Bei zu hohen Konzentrationen k\u00f6nnen sich Stiele verl\u00e4ngern, H\u00fcte kleiner ausbilden oder Fruchtk\u00f6rper deformieren. Die Frischluftmenge sollte daher nicht nach einem starren Wert, sondern nach dem tats\u00e4chlichen Kohlendioxidsignal und dem Kultursollwert geregelt werden. Zugluft darf dabei nicht unmittelbar auf die Fruchtk\u00f6rper treffen.<\/p>
Wichtige Regelgr\u00f6\u00dfen in der Pilzzucht<\/caption>
Regelgr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/th>Bedeutung<\/th>Typische Messstelle<\/th>Folge bei Abweichung<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Temperatur<\/td>Steuert Wachstum und Fruchtungsrhythmus<\/td>Auf Kulturh\u00f6he und in R\u00fcckluft<\/td>Verz\u00f6gerte oder ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Ernte<\/td><\/tr>
Relative Luftfeuchte<\/td>Verhindert Austrocknung der Fruchtk\u00f6rper<\/td>Im repr\u00e4sentativen Raumabschnitt<\/td>Risse, Gewichtsverlust oder Tropfbildung<\/td><\/tr>
Kohlendioxid<\/td>Beeinflusst Form und Entwicklung<\/td>Nahe Kultur, fern von direkter Zuluft<\/td>Unvorteilhafte Morphologie und Minderqualit\u00e4t<\/td><\/tr>
Luftgeschwindigkeit<\/td>Verteilt W\u00e4rme, Feuchte und Frischluft<\/td>An mehreren Regalebenen<\/td>Zugluft oder lokale Stagnation<\/td><\/tr>
Differenzdruck<\/td>Unterst\u00fctzt die Luftf\u00fchrung zwischen Zonen<\/td>Zwischen Raum und Flur<\/td>Eintrag unerw\u00fcnschter Luft und Sporen<\/td><\/tr>
Wassertemperatur<\/td>Beeinflusst Befeuchtung und Hygiene<\/td>Vor dem Befeuchter<\/td>Schwankende Feuchte oder Ablagerungen<\/td><\/tr>
Au\u00dfenluftzustand<\/td>Bestimmt Energie- und Entfeuchtungsbedarf<\/td>Au\u00dfenluftansaugung<\/td>Unwirtschaftige Regelung ohne Korrektur<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Die Tabelle verdeutlicht, dass Klimatisierung eine Mehrgr\u00f6\u00dfenregelung ist. F\u00fcr eine hohe Regelg\u00fcte sollten die Sensoren kalibrierbar, gegen Spritzwasser gesch\u00fctzt und ohne gro\u00dfen Aufwand austauschbar sein. Wichtig sind au\u00dferdem Alarmgrenzen mit Zeitverz\u00f6gerung: Eine kurze T\u00fcr\u00f6ffnung darf keinen Fehlalarm ausl\u00f6sen, ein l\u00e4nger anhaltender Temperaturanstieg dagegen muss unverz\u00fcglich gemeldet werden.<\/p>

Im deutschen Energiemarkt lohnt sich ein Augenmerk auf drehzahlgeregelte Ventilatoren, bedarfsgesteuerte Au\u00dfenluftklappen und W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung. Sie reduzieren den Verbrauch vor allem dann, wenn der Betrieb lange Laufzeiten hat oder mehrere R\u00e4ume parallel gef\u00fchrt werden. Die Ersparnis muss allerdings gegen Reinigungsaufwand, Druckverlust und hygienische Anforderungen abgewogen werden.<\/p>

Kernbauteile, Werkstoffe und Schutzfunktionen<\/h2>

Die Qualit\u00e4t einer Pilzklimaanlage zeigt sich im t\u00e4glichen Betrieb oft an Details: rostfreie Befestigungen, leicht zug\u00e4ngliche Filter, sauber ausgef\u00fchrte Kabeldurchf\u00fchrungen, korrosionsgesch\u00fctzte W\u00e4rmetauscher und ein Gef\u00e4lle in der Kondensatwanne. Da die Raumluft feucht ist und organische Belastungen enthalten kann, sollten Werkstoffe f\u00fcr Dauerbetrieb in landwirtschaftlicher Umgebung ausgelegt sein.<\/p>

Das Geh\u00e4use kann aus verzinktem und beschichtetem Stahlblech bestehen; f\u00fcr besonders beanspruchte Bereiche sind Edelstahl, beschichtete Lamellen oder hochwertige Kunststoffe sinnvoll. Die D\u00e4mmung reduziert W\u00e4rmebr\u00fccken und verhindert Oberfl\u00e4chenkondensation. In Kulturr\u00e4umen sollten glatte, reinigungsfreundliche Innenfl\u00e4chen und dicht schlie\u00dfende Revisionsklappen bevorzugt werden.<\/p>
Kernbauteile und Auswahlkriterien f\u00fcr langlebige Anlagen<\/caption>
Bauteil<\/th>Aufgabe<\/th>Empfohlene Eigenschaft<\/th>Wartungsnutzen<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Ventilator<\/td>Transportiert Zu-, Umluft und Abluft<\/td>Drehzahlregelbar und schwingungsarm<\/td>Anpassung an wechselnde Kulturbelastung<\/td><\/tr>
W\u00e4rmetauscher<\/td>K\u00fchlt oder erw\u00e4rmt die Luft<\/td>Korrosionsgesch\u00fctzt und gut zug\u00e4nglich<\/td>Einfachere Reinigung der Lamellen<\/td><\/tr>
Befeuchter<\/td>Erh\u00f6ht die Luftfeuchte<\/td>Sp\u00fclbar und mit Wasseraufbereitung kombinierbar<\/td>Geringeres Risiko von Ablagerungen<\/td><\/tr>
Filterrahmen<\/td>H\u00e4lt Partikel zur\u00fcck<\/td>Dicht und werkzeugarm zug\u00e4nglich<\/td>Schneller Filterwechsel<\/td><\/tr>
Kondensatwanne<\/td>Sammelt anfallendes Wasser<\/td>Gef\u00e4lle, Ablaufanschluss und glatte Oberfl\u00e4che<\/td>Weniger stehendes Wasser<\/td><\/tr>
Schaltschrank<\/td>Versorgt und sch\u00fctzt elektrische Komponenten<\/td>Feuchtegeeignete Schutzart<\/td>Erh\u00f6hte Betriebssicherheit<\/td><\/tr>
Sensoren<\/td>Liefern Werte f\u00fcr die Regelung<\/td>Kalibrierbar und austauschbar<\/td>Konstante Messqualit\u00e4t \u00fcber Jahre<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Zu den unverzichtbaren Schutzfunktionen geh\u00f6ren Motorschutz, Frostschutz, Hoch- und Niederdruck\u00fcberwachung des K\u00e4ltekreises, \u00dcbertemperaturschutz, Wasserstandskontrolle sowie Meldungen bei Sensorfehlern. In Produktionsr\u00e4umen mit wertvollen Chargen sollte zus\u00e4tzlich ein Notfallplan f\u00fcr Stromausf\u00e4lle bestehen. Dieser kann eine Meldung an verantwortliche Personen, eine kontrollierte Wiederanlaufsequenz und bei gr\u00f6\u00dferen Anlagen eine Ersatzstroml\u00f6sung umfassen.<\/p>

Die Auswahl der Schutzart elektrischer Teile richtet sich nach dem tats\u00e4chlichen Standort. Ein trockener Technikraum stellt andere Anforderungen als eine direkt im feuchten Fruchtungsraum installierte Einheit. K\u00e4ufer sollten sich nicht mit allgemeinen Angaben zufriedengeben, sondern die Aufstellbedingungen, Reinigungsmethode und erwartete Feuchte dokumentieren.<\/p>

Automatisierung, Fern\u00fcberwachung und Anpassungsoptionen<\/h2>

Moderne Steuerungen speichern Rezepturen f\u00fcr unterschiedliche Pilzarten und Kulturphasen. Betreiber k\u00f6nnen Sollwerte f\u00fcr Temperatur, Feuchte, Kohlendioxid, Ventilatorstufen und Tagesprogramme definieren. Bei gestaffelter Produktion ist es sinnvoll, jeder Kammer ein eigenes Programm zuzuordnen. So kann ein Raum fruchten, w\u00e4hrend ein anderer f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chste Charge vorbereitet wird.<\/p>

Eine Fern\u00fcberwachung erm\u00f6glicht die Kontrolle wichtiger Werte \u00fcber gesicherte Netzwerkverbindungen. Sie ersetzt nicht die t\u00e4gliche Sichtpr\u00fcfung, verk\u00fcrzt aber die Reaktionszeit bei St\u00f6rungen. Sinnvoll sind Verlaufskurven, Alarmprotokolle, Benutzerrechte und eine nachvollziehbare \u00c4nderungsdokumentation. Gerade f\u00fcr Betreiber mit mehreren Standorten zwischen Hannover, Kassel und M\u00fcnchen kann dies die Betriebsf\u00fchrung vereinfachen.<\/p>

Ein digitaler Klimaregler f\u00fcr Pilzkulturen<\/a> kann als zentrale Bedienebene f\u00fcr Sensorik, Aktoren und Alarmierung dienen. Bei der Auswahl sollte gepr\u00fcft werden, ob die Benutzeroberfl\u00e4che deutschsprachig konfigurierbar ist, ob Messdaten exportiert werden k\u00f6nnen und ob Wartungstechniker den Zugriff rollenbasiert erhalten.<\/p>

Anpassungen sind bei Luftkan\u00e4len, Paneeld\u00e4mmung, T\u00fcrpositionen, Stromversorgung, Befeuchtungsart, Filterklasse, W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung und Gestaltung des Technikraums m\u00f6glich. Auch die Integration in vorhandene Geb\u00e4udeautomation oder die Nutzung lokaler Photovoltaik kann projektbezogen geplant werden. Bei Sonderl\u00f6sungen muss die \u00c4nderung jedoch immer mit der Gesamtleistung abgeglichen werden; ein st\u00e4rkerer Ventilator allein l\u00f6st kein ung\u00fcnstiges Kanalnetz.<\/p>

F\u00fcr 2026 zeichnen sich drei Entwicklungen ab: Erstens werden sensorbasierte Regelungen pr\u00e4ziser und verbinden Energieverbrauch mit Kulturwerten. Zweitens erh\u00f6hen Nachhaltigkeitsanforderungen den Fokus auf effiziente W\u00e4rmepumpen, W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung, bedarfsgerechte Ventilation und langlebige Bauteile. Drittens f\u00fchren strengere Erwartungen an Dokumentation, Energieeffizienz und Betriebssicherheit dazu, dass transparente Datenaufzeichnung und planbare Wartung wichtiger werden. Deutsche K\u00e4ufer profitieren besonders von Systemen, die Energieeinsparung ohne Abstriche bei Hygiene und Ertrag erm\u00f6glichen.<\/p>

Wer eigene Abmessungen, Markenanforderungen oder spezielle Steuerungsfunktionen ben\u00f6tigt, kann eine kundenspezifische Anlagenentwicklung<\/a> anfragen. Vor der Freigabe sollten Zeichnungen, St\u00fccklisten, Schnittstellen, Pr\u00fcfpunkte und Verpackungsanforderungen gemeinsam best\u00e4tigt werden.<\/p>

Montage, Inbetriebnahme, Wartung und Gew\u00e4hrleistung<\/h2>

Die Montage beginnt mit einer gepr\u00fcften Aufstellfl\u00e4che. Sie muss das Ger\u00e4tegewicht tragen, Wartungszug\u00e4nge erm\u00f6glichen und gegebenenfalls schwingungsentkoppelt sein. Luftkan\u00e4le sollen dicht, ged\u00e4mmt und so gef\u00fchrt werden, dass keine unkontrollierten Kondensatstellen entstehen. Bei Au\u00dfenaufstellung sind Witterungsschutz, Frostschutz und sichere Kabelwege besonders wichtig.<\/p>

W\u00e4hrend der Inbetriebnahme werden Drehrichtung der Ventilatoren, Luftmengen, Sensorwerte, Wasserzufuhr, Kondensatablauf, Schutzfunktionen und Alarmmeldungen gepr\u00fcft. Danach folgen Probel\u00e4ufe unter realistischen Sollwerten. Erst wenn Temperatur, Feuchte und Kohlendioxid an mehreren Messpunkten nachvollziehbar stabil sind, sollte die erste volle Kulturcharge eingebracht werden.<\/p>

Eine regelm\u00e4\u00dfige Wartung senkt Ausf\u00e4lle und sch\u00fctzt die Produktqualit\u00e4t. Filter werden abh\u00e4ngig von Staubbelastung kontrolliert, Befeuchter und Tropfwannen gereinigt, Sensoren \u00fcberpr\u00fcft und elektrische Verbindungen inspiziert. Bei Anlagen nahe K\u00fcstenregionen, etwa im Umfeld von Rostock oder Bremen, kann salzhaltige Au\u00dfenluft zus\u00e4tzliche Korrosionsvorsorge erforderlich machen.<\/p>
Empfohlener Wartungsplan f\u00fcr Pilzklimaanlagen<\/caption>
Intervall<\/th>Ma\u00dfnahme<\/th>Ziel<\/th>Verantwortung<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
T\u00e4glich<\/td>Displaywerte und Alarmmeldungen pr\u00fcfen<\/td>Abweichungen fr\u00fch erkennen<\/td>Betriebspersonal<\/td><\/tr>
W\u00f6chentlich<\/td>Kondensatablauf und sichtbare Feuchte pr\u00fcfen<\/td>Verstopfungen und Tropfwasser vermeiden<\/td>Betriebspersonal<\/td><\/tr>
Monatlich<\/td>Filterzustand kontrollieren<\/td>Luftmenge und Energieeffizienz sichern<\/td>Geschultes Personal<\/td><\/tr>
Monatlich<\/td>Befeuchter und Wasserleitungen inspizieren<\/td>Ablagerungen und Hygieneprobleme reduzieren<\/td>Geschultes Personal<\/td><\/tr>
Viertelj\u00e4hrlich<\/td>Ventilatoren, Riemen und Befestigungen pr\u00fcfen<\/td>Mechanische Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit erhalten<\/td>Wartungsdienst<\/td><\/tr>
Halbj\u00e4hrlich<\/td>Sensorwerte vergleichen oder kalibrieren<\/td>Regelg\u00fcte sicherstellen<\/td>Fachpersonal<\/td><\/tr>
J\u00e4hrlich<\/td>Umfassende Funktions- und Sicherheitspr\u00fcfung<\/td>Verf\u00fcgbarkeit und dokumentierten Betrieb sichern<\/td>Fachbetrieb<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Die Tabelle ist an die tats\u00e4chliche Betriebsintensit\u00e4t anzupassen. Ein Raum mit dauerhafter Produktion ben\u00f6tigt k\u00fcrzere Kontrollabst\u00e4nde als ein saisonal genutzter Versuchsraum. Bei der Gew\u00e4hrleistung sollten K\u00e4ufer schriftlich festhalten, welche Komponenten abgedeckt sind, welche Verschlei\u00dfteile ausgenommen werden, wie Fehler gemeldet werden und welche Reaktionswege f\u00fcr technische Unterst\u00fctzung gelten.<\/p>

F\u00fcr Projekte in Deutschland empfiehlt sich eine Abnahme mit Protokoll. Darin stehen Seriennummern, Sollwerte, Messpunkte, Pr\u00fcfergebnisse, Einweisung des Personals sowie offene Restarbeiten. Diese Unterlagen erleichtern sp\u00e4tere Wartung, Versicherungsfragen und den Ersatzteilbezug erheblich.<\/p>

Unser Unternehmen<\/h2>

Lanhu entwickelt und fertigt Klimatisierungs- und Kultivierungsl\u00f6sungen f\u00fcr die gewerbliche Landwirtschaft. Die technologische Kompetenz basiert auf langj\u00e4hriger thermodynamischer Forschung, zahlreichen gesch\u00fctzten Entwicklungen und der Verbindung von Klima-, Steuerungs- und Containertechnik. F\u00fcr Pilzbetriebe bedeutet dies, dass Temperaturf\u00fchrung, Feuchteerzeugung, Luftwechsel und digitale Steuerung nicht als Einzelprodukte, sondern als zusammenh\u00e4ngendes System geplant werden.<\/p>

In der Fertigung werden Konstruktion, Blechbearbeitung, rechnergesteuertes Biegen, Herstellung von D\u00e4mmplatten, elektrische Montage, Systemintegration und Pr\u00fcfung eng miteinander verbunden. Der Produktionsstandort umfasst mehr als 30.000 Quadratmeter. Vor dem Versand durchl\u00e4uft jede Anlage Funktionspr\u00fcfungen, elektrische Kontrollen, Leistungsbewertungen und betriebliche Tests. Die Arbeit orientiert sich an anerkannten Qualit\u00e4ts-, Umwelt-, Arbeits- und Sicherheitsmanagementsystemen.<\/p>

F\u00fcr Kunden in Deutschland umfasst der Service technische Vorplanung, Direktlieferung ab Werk, Anpassung an Projektdaten, Unterst\u00fctzung bei internationaler Logistik, Ersatzteilversorgung und Montageanleitung. F\u00fcr gr\u00f6\u00dfere Vorhaben werden Schnittstellen zu lokalen Fachbetrieben fr\u00fchzeitig abgestimmt. Beispiele ausgef\u00fchrter L\u00f6sungen finden Interessenten in den Praxisbeispielen f\u00fcr Pilzkultivierung<\/a>. Eine projektbezogene Anfrage kann \u00fcber die deutsche Kontaktm\u00f6glichkeit f\u00fcr Klimaanlagenprojekte<\/a> gestellt werden.<\/p>

Unsere Empfehlung f\u00fcr K\u00e4ufer lautet: Beginnen Sie nicht mit dem Preisvergleich einzelner Ger\u00e4te, sondern mit einer belastbaren Aufgabenbeschreibung. Geben Sie Kulturarten, Raumpl\u00e4ne, Substratmengen, lokale Klimadaten, Energiequellen und den gew\u00fcnschten Automatisierungsgrad an. So kann eine Anlage entstehen, die im Alltag stabile Ernten unterst\u00fctzt und nicht nur auf dem Datenblatt \u00fcberzeugt.<\/p>

H\u00e4ufige Fragen<\/h2>

Wie finde ich die richtige Gr\u00f6\u00dfe einer Pilzklimaanlage?<\/strong>
Ermitteln Sie Raumvolumen, D\u00e4mmung, Regalbelegung, Substratmenge, Kulturart, Au\u00dfenklima und geplante Frischluftmenge. Eine technische Lastrechnung ist zuverl\u00e4ssiger als eine reine Fl\u00e4chenangabe. F\u00fcr mehrere R\u00e4ume sollten getrennte Zonen oder unabh\u00e4ngige Ger\u00e4te gepr\u00fcft werden.<\/p>

Kann eine normale Klimaanlage f\u00fcr Pilze verwendet werden?<\/strong>
Eine herk\u00f6mmliche Klimaanlage kann k\u00fchlen, regelt aber oft weder Feuchte, Kohlendioxid, Frischluft noch hygienische Luftverteilung ausreichend. F\u00fcr professionelle Produktion ist ein speziell abgestimmtes Pilzklimasystem meist wirtschaftlicher und betriebssicherer.<\/p>

Welche Werte sind f\u00fcr Austernseitlinge erforderlich?<\/strong>
Die geeigneten Werte variieren nach Stamm und Kulturphase. Allgemein ben\u00f6tigt die Fruchtung eine kontrollierte Temperatur, hohe aber nicht kondensierende Luftfeuchte sowie ausreichend Frischluft zur Begrenzung des Kohlendioxidgehalts. Die endg\u00fcltigen Sollwerte sollten anhand der Vorgaben des Substratlieferanten und eigener Versuchsdaten festgelegt werden.<\/p>

Warum bildet sich Kondenswasser im Zuchtraum?<\/strong>
Kondensat entsteht, wenn feuchte Luft auf kalte Oberfl\u00e4chen trifft oder die Luftf\u00fchrung unausgewogen ist. Ursachen k\u00f6nnen W\u00e4rmebr\u00fccken, fehlende D\u00e4mmung, zu kalte Zuluft, falsche Sensorpositionen oder ein unzureichender Luftwechsel sein. Eine Pr\u00fcfung von D\u00e4mmung, Luftmenge und Taupunkt hilft bei der Ursachenfindung.<\/p>

Ist Fern\u00fcberwachung f\u00fcr kleine Betriebe sinnvoll?<\/strong>
Ja, sofern sie einfach bedienbar ist. Bereits bei einem einzelnen Fruchtungsraum kann eine Alarmmeldung bei Temperatur-, Feuchte- oder Stromproblemen erhebliche Ernteverluste verhindern. Wichtig sind klare Alarmgrenzen und eine verantwortliche Person, die im St\u00f6rungsfall reagieren kann.<\/p>

Welche Unterlagen sollte ich vor dem Kauf verlangen?<\/strong>
Fordern Sie ein Angebot mit Leistungsdaten, Zeichnung, Liefergrenze, elektrischen Anforderungen, Wasser- und Ablaufbedarf, Steuerungsumfang, Wartungshinweisen, Pr\u00fcfumfang und Gew\u00e4hrleistungsbedingungen an. Bei Importen sollten au\u00dferdem Verpackung, Transportweg, Ersatzteile und Zust\u00e4ndigkeiten f\u00fcr die Inbetriebnahme klar vereinbart sein.<\/p>

Wie l\u00e4sst sich der Energieverbrauch senken?<\/strong>
Wirksam sind eine gute Raumd\u00e4mmung, drehzahlgeregelte Ventilatoren, bedarfsgesteuerte Frischluft, passende Filterfl\u00e4chen, sorgf\u00e4ltig geplante Luftkan\u00e4le und gegebenenfalls W\u00e4rmer\u00fcckgewinnung. Der gr\u00f6\u00dfte Vorteil entsteht meist durch eine korrekte Gesamtauslegung statt durch einzelne Sparkomponenten.<\/p>

Kann die Anlage sp\u00e4ter erweitert werden?<\/strong>
Eine Erweiterung ist m\u00f6glich, wenn Technikfl\u00e4che, elektrische Reserve, Kanalanschl\u00fcsse und Steuerung bereits in der Planung ber\u00fccksichtigt werden. F\u00fcr wachsende Betriebe ist es oft sinnvoll, R\u00e4ume zun\u00e4chst unabh\u00e4ngig zu betreiben und zentrale Funktionen schrittweise auszubauen.<\/p>","ru-title":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b","ru-meta":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","ru-content":"

\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/h2>

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\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/h2>

\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0451\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445, \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0443.<\/p>

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439: \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435.<\/p>

\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0443.<\/p>
\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430<\/th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442<\/th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432<\/td>\u0420\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445<\/td>\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr>
\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438<\/td>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439<\/td>\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\u0423\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr>
\u0428\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435<\/td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u0418\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><\/tr>
\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/td>\u0411\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438<\/td>\u0423\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c<\/td>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c<\/td><\/tr>
\u041f\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b<\/td>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr>
\u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440<\/td>\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td>\u0413\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b<\/h2>

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0432\u044b\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u0444, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>

\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435.<\/p>

\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/p>
\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/th>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th>\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
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\u041d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a<\/td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439<\/td>\u0412\u043e\u0434\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/td>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430<\/td><\/tr>
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\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><\/tr>
\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u0444<\/td>\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\u0423\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430<\/td><\/tr>
\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b<\/td>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f<\/td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0451\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a. \u0427\u0451\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c<\/h2>

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0451 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 30 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>

\u0413\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0432\u044b. \u0412 \u042f\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0427\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>

\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438.<\/p>
\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/th>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/th>\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430<\/th>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u043e\u0442 10 \u0434\u043e 40 \u043c\u00b2<\/td>\u043e\u0442 40 \u0434\u043e 200 \u043c\u00b2<\/td>\u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 200 \u043c\u00b2<\/td><\/tr>
\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u043e\u0442 30 \u0434\u043e 120 \u043c\u00b3<\/td>\u043e\u0442 120 \u0434\u043e 700 \u043c\u00b3<\/td>\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442<\/td><\/tr>
\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435<\/td>\u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445\u0444\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c<\/td><\/tr>
\u0412\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438<\/td>\u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td><\/tr>
\u0421\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td>\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d<\/td>\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c<\/td>\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/td><\/tr>
\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434<\/td>\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 600 \u043c\u043c<\/td>\u043e\u0442 800 \u043c\u043c<\/td>\u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b, \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440.<\/p>

\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>

\u041a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043b\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043a. \u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/p>

\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c: \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>

\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0451 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u043c\u0451\u0440\u0442\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b\u00bb, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439.<\/p>
\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/th>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u044f<\/th>\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/th>\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/th>\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0428\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0438\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043d<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e 16\u201319 \u00b0C<\/td>85\u201392%<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><\/tr>
\u0412\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e 14\u201318 \u00b0C<\/td>85\u201395%<\/td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d<\/td><\/tr>
\u0428\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e 14\u201320 \u00b0C<\/td>80\u201390%<\/td>\u041d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr>
\u0415\u0436\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e 16\u201321 \u00b0C<\/td>85\u201395%<\/td>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/td><\/tr>
\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e 12\u201317 \u00b0C<\/td>85\u201392%<\/td>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430<\/td><\/tr>
\u041e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0430<\/td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td>\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e 15\u201320 \u00b0C<\/td>85\u201395%<\/td>\u0420\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b, \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b.<\/p>

\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/h2>

\u041a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438.<\/p>

\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435, \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443: \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438.<\/p>

\u041a \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441.<\/p>

\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445. \u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0436\u0451\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438<\/h2>

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0430\u043c: \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0443\u0437\u044b, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e.<\/p>

\u0423\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>

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\u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td>\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c<\/td>\u0421\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/td><\/tr>
\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b<\/td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr>
\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f<\/td>\u0424\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c<\/td>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>

\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f<\/h2>

\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u0414\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439.<\/p>

\u041f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0430.<\/p>

\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0436\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430.<\/p>

\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435.<\/p>

\u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2>

\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0434\u0443\u043d \u041b\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0445\u0443 \u042d\u0439\u0440 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u042d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u043f\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432.<\/p>

\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432<\/a>, \u0430 \u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/a>.<\/p>

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0443, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 30 000 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>

\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/a>.<\/p>

\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044c\u044e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c<\/a>.<\/p>

\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/h2>

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b?<\/strong>
\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d, \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>

\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440?<\/strong>
\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0411\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445, \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435.<\/p>

\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442?<\/strong>
\u0414\u0430. \u041e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>

\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f?<\/strong>
\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0451\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>

\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438?<\/strong>
\u0414\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0439.<\/p>

\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438?<\/strong>
\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.<\/p>

\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438?<\/strong>
\u0414\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f.<\/p>

\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c \u0432 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443?<\/strong>
\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c.<\/p>","ar-title":"\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a","ar-meta":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.","ar-content":"

\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2>

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\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p>

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\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>

\u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627<\/h2>

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/p>

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/a>.<\/p>

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>

\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong>
\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>

\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u061f<\/strong>
\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>

\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/strong>
\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f.<\/p>

\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061f<\/strong>
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\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u061f<\/strong>
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\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u061f<\/strong>
\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643.<\/p>","fr-title":"Syst\u00e8me climatique pour champignons en France : guide","fr-meta":"D\u00e9couvrez le syst\u00e8me climatique pour champignons en France : capacit\u00e9s, r\u00e9gulation de temp\u00e9rature, humidit\u00e9 et CO\u2082, choix, installation et entretien professionnel.","fr-content":"

R\u00e9ponse rapide<\/h2>

Un syst\u00e8me climatique pour champignons est une installation de traitement d\u2019air con\u00e7ue pour maintenir les conditions pr\u00e9cises n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la culture commerciale des champignons. Il r\u00e9gule simultan\u00e9ment la temp\u00e9rature, l\u2019humidit\u00e9 relative, le taux de CO\u2082, le renouvellement d\u2019air, la filtration et la circulation dans chaque salle de production.<\/p>

En France, ce type d\u2019\u00e9quipement est utilis\u00e9 par les champignonni\u00e8res, les producteurs de pleurotes, shiitak\u00e9s, champignons de Paris et esp\u00e8ces sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es, ainsi que par les exploitations agricoles en int\u00e9rieur, les laboratoires de substrat et les projets de conteneurs de culture. Un syst\u00e8me bien dimensionn\u00e9 aide \u00e0 stabiliser les cycles de colonisation, de fructification et de r\u00e9colte, tout en limitant les pertes caus\u00e9es par la condensation, les \u00e9carts de temp\u00e9rature ou une concentration excessive en CO\u2082.<\/p>

Pour un projet situ\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris, Lille, Lyon, Nantes, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Marseille ou dans les zones rurales de Bretagne, des Hauts-de-France, du Grand Est ou de Nouvelle-Aquitaine, le choix doit tenir compte du climat local, du b\u00e2timent, de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce cultiv\u00e9e, du volume de substrat et de la strat\u00e9gie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Les syst\u00e8mes peuvent \u00eatre int\u00e9gr\u00e9s \u00e0 une salle existante, \u00e0 une unit\u00e9 modulaire isol\u00e9e ou \u00e0 un conteneur de culture de champignons pr\u00eat \u00e0 exploiter<\/a>.<\/p>

Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un syst\u00e8me climatique pour champignons et o\u00f9 est-il utilis\u00e9 ?<\/h2>

Contrairement \u00e0 une ventilation agricole standard, un syst\u00e8me climatique d\u00e9di\u00e9 aux champignons fonctionne comme une centrale de traitement d\u2019air sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e. Il mesure les conditions ambiantes et corrige les \u00e9carts \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un groupe de refroidissement ou d\u2019une pompe \u00e0 chaleur, d\u2019un humidificateur, de ventilateurs, de registres d\u2019air neuf, de filtres et d\u2019une r\u00e9gulation automatis\u00e9e.<\/p>

Les champignons ont des besoins tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents selon l\u2019esp\u00e8ce et le stade de production. Le myc\u00e9lium peut demander une temp\u00e9rature mod\u00e9r\u00e9e et un niveau de CO\u2082 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 durant l\u2019incubation, tandis que la fructification n\u00e9cessite souvent davantage d\u2019air frais, une humidit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e mais ma\u00eetris\u00e9e et une temp\u00e9rature plus basse. Sans r\u00e9gulation coh\u00e9rente, le producteur peut observer des pieds allong\u00e9s, des chapeaux d\u00e9form\u00e9s, des rendements irr\u00e9guliers, des surfaces dess\u00e9ch\u00e9es ou des contaminations li\u00e9es \u00e0 une humidit\u00e9 mal r\u00e9partie.<\/p>

Les installations sont utilis\u00e9es dans les exploitations de production fra\u00eeche, les fermes urbaines, les caves r\u00e9am\u00e9nag\u00e9es, les hangars agricoles isol\u00e9s, les unit\u00e9s de d\u00e9monstration, les centres de formation et les projets de production de proximit\u00e9 destin\u00e9s aux march\u00e9s de Rungis, aux grossistes r\u00e9gionaux, aux restaurateurs et aux magasins sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Elles conviennent aussi aux unit\u00e9s de valorisation de d\u00e9chets agricoles lorsque paille, sciure ou marc de caf\u00e9 sont transform\u00e9s en substrats destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la culture.<\/p>
Type d\u2019activit\u00e9<\/th>Usage du syst\u00e8me<\/th>Priorit\u00e9 climatique<\/th>Exemple d\u2019implantation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Champignon de Paris<\/td>Salles de culture \u00e0 \u00e9tag\u00e8res<\/td>Renouvellement d\u2019air et refroidissement<\/td>Sites historiques des Pays de la Loire<\/td><\/tr>
Pleurotes<\/td>Culture sur sacs ou blocs<\/td>Humidit\u00e9 et circulation douce<\/td>Fermes rurales de Bretagne<\/td><\/tr>
Shiitak\u00e9s<\/td>Production sur substrat enrichi<\/td>Temp\u00e9rature stable et filtration<\/td>Ateliers du Grand Est<\/td><\/tr>
Esp\u00e8ces m\u00e9dicinales<\/td>Culture \u00e0 forte valeur ajout\u00e9e<\/td>Param\u00e8tres programmables par recette<\/td>Laboratoires pr\u00e8s de Lyon<\/td><\/tr>
Ferme urbaine<\/td>Production locale en int\u00e9rieur<\/td>Faible bruit et supervision \u00e0 distance<\/td>Entrep\u00f4ts r\u00e9habilit\u00e9s \u00e0 Paris<\/td><\/tr>
Conteneur agricole<\/td>Unit\u00e9 mobile ou semi-mobile<\/td>Isolation et autonomie de r\u00e9gulation<\/td>Projets pilotes pr\u00e8s de Bordeaux<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Ce tableau montre que le m\u00eame principe de traitement d\u2019air peut r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des activit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes. La configuration optimale d\u00e9pend cependant de la charge biologique, du mode de culture et des objectifs de production. Un producteur de pleurotes en sacs n\u2019aura pas les m\u00eames besoins qu\u2019une salle intensive de champignons de Paris ou qu\u2019un laboratoire de souches sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es.<\/p>

Configuration standard du produit et limites du syst\u00e8me<\/h2>

La configuration standard comprend g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une structure de traitement d\u2019air isol\u00e9e, des ventilateurs d\u2019insufflation et d\u2019extraction, une batterie de refroidissement ou de chauffage, un module d\u2019humidification, une filtration d\u2019air, des sondes de temp\u00e9rature et d\u2019humidit\u00e9, un capteur de CO\u2082, un coffret \u00e9lectrique et un automate de r\u00e9gulation. Les \u00e9quipements peuvent \u00eatre mont\u00e9s en unit\u00e9 monobloc, en centrale s\u00e9par\u00e9e ou en modules distribu\u00e9s par salle.<\/p>

Dans une salle de production, l\u2019air est aspir\u00e9, conditionn\u00e9 puis redistribu\u00e9 par gaines, diffuseurs ou conduits textiles. L\u2019objectif n\u2019est pas seulement d\u2019atteindre une valeur sur l\u2019\u00e9cran de commande : il faut obtenir une homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 r\u00e9elle au niveau des \u00e9tag\u00e8res, des sacs ou des bacs. La disposition des retours d\u2019air, la vitesse de soufflage et le positionnement des sondes sont donc essentiels.<\/p>

Les limites de fourniture doivent \u00eatre d\u00e9finies avant commande. Le fabricant peut fournir l\u2019unit\u00e9 climatique, le coffret de r\u00e9gulation, les sondes, les plans de raccordement et l\u2019assistance de mise en service. Les travaux de g\u00e9nie civil, l\u2019alimentation \u00e9lectrique du b\u00e2timent, l\u2019\u00e9vacuation des condensats, les r\u00e9seaux hydrauliques externes, les gaines de grande longueur et la pose sur site peuvent \u00eatre inclus ou exclus selon le contrat.<\/p>
\u00c9l\u00e9ment<\/th>Configuration habituelle<\/th>Fonction<\/th>\u00c0 pr\u00e9ciser au projet<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Unit\u00e9 de traitement d\u2019air<\/td>Caisson isol\u00e9<\/td>Conditionnement de l\u2019air<\/td>Pose int\u00e9rieure ou ext\u00e9rieure<\/td><\/tr>
Refroidissement<\/td>Pompe \u00e0 chaleur ou groupe frigorifique<\/td>Abaissement de la temp\u00e9rature<\/td>Puissance et fluide autoris\u00e9<\/td><\/tr>
Humidification<\/td>Brumisation ou vapeur<\/td>Maintien de l\u2019humidit\u00e9<\/td>Qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau disponible<\/td><\/tr>
Ventilation<\/td>Ventilateurs \u00e0 vitesse variable<\/td>Air neuf et brassage<\/td>Pression des gaines<\/td><\/tr>
Filtration<\/td>Pr\u00e9filtre et filtre fin<\/td>R\u00e9duction des poussi\u00e8res<\/td>Niveau de filtration requis<\/td><\/tr>
Automate<\/td>\u00c9cran de commande programmable<\/td>Gestion des consignes<\/td>Langue et acc\u00e8s distant<\/td><\/tr>
Capteurs<\/td>Temp\u00e9rature, humidit\u00e9, CO\u2082<\/td>Mesure et correction<\/td>Nombre de zones contr\u00f4l\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Cette configuration doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une base technique. Une salle \u00e0 plusieurs niveaux, un site avec sas, une installation pr\u00e8s du littoral m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en ou un b\u00e2timent soumis \u00e0 de fortes variations saisonni\u00e8res n\u00e9cessitent souvent des adaptations. Pour les projets complets, la d\u00e9finition des limites \u00e9vite les retards de chantier et facilite la coordination avec l\u2019\u00e9lectricien, le frigoriste et le responsable de l\u2019exploitation.<\/p>

Capacit\u00e9, dimensions et exigences en \u00e9nergie<\/h2>

La capacit\u00e9 d\u2019un syst\u00e8me climatique pour champignons se d\u00e9finit par plusieurs valeurs : d\u00e9bit d\u2019air, puissance de refroidissement, capacit\u00e9 de chauffage, d\u00e9bit d\u2019humidification, capacit\u00e9 d\u2019extraction et nombre de salles pilot\u00e9es. Elle ne doit pas \u00eatre choisie uniquement \u00e0 partir de la surface au sol. La hauteur de culture, la quantit\u00e9 de substrat, l\u2019isolation du local, les apports des personnes, l\u2019\u00e9clairage \u00e9ventuel et les conditions ext\u00e9rieures fran\u00e7aises influencent directement le dimensionnement.<\/p>

Dans le nord de la France, les besoins de chauffage hivernal et la gestion de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 ext\u00e9rieure doivent \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9s. Dans les r\u00e9gions de Montpellier, N\u00eemes ou Marseille, le refroidissement estival, la d\u00e9shumidification et la protection contre les pics de chaleur deviennent des crit\u00e8res majeurs. Les exploitations proches du Havre, de Dunkerque ou de Fos-sur-Mer peuvent \u00e9galement prendre en compte l\u2019air salin, les conditions portuaires et les contraintes logistiques de livraison.<\/p>
\u00c9chelle de projet<\/th>Surface indicative<\/th>D\u00e9bit d\u2019air indicatif<\/th>Alimentation typique<\/th>Usage conseill\u00e9<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Essai professionnel<\/td>20 \u00e0 40 m\u00b2<\/td>1 500 \u00e0 4 000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Monophas\u00e9e ou triphas\u00e9e<\/td>Formation et microproduction<\/td><\/tr>
Petite exploitation<\/td>40 \u00e0 100 m\u00b2<\/td>4 000 \u00e0 8 000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Triphas\u00e9e<\/td>Vente locale r\u00e9guli\u00e8re<\/td><\/tr>
Salle commerciale<\/td>100 \u00e0 250 m\u00b2<\/td>8 000 \u00e0 18 000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Triphas\u00e9e<\/td>Production multi-lots<\/td><\/tr>
Exploitation moyenne<\/td>250 \u00e0 600 m\u00b2<\/td>18 000 \u00e0 35 000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Triphas\u00e9e<\/td>Distribution r\u00e9gionale<\/td><\/tr>
Site industriel<\/td>600 \u00e0 1 500 m\u00b2<\/td>35 000 \u00e0 80 000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>Triphas\u00e9e renforc\u00e9e<\/td>Production centralis\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr>
Projet sur mesure<\/td>Plus de 1 500 m\u00b2<\/td>Selon \u00e9tude<\/td>Selon \u00e9tude \u00e9lectrique<\/td>Plusieurs chambres et zones<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Les valeurs ci-dessus sont indicatives et ne remplacent pas une \u00e9tude de charge. Lors de la demande de devis, il est utile de communiquer les plans du b\u00e2timent, l\u2019\u00e9paisseur des panneaux isolants, la localisation en France, la temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure minimale et maximale envisag\u00e9e, le nombre de salles, l\u2019esp\u00e8ce cultiv\u00e9e, les dimensions des \u00e9tag\u00e8res et le tonnage de substrat par cycle.<\/p>

Les dimensions d\u2019une unit\u00e9 sont li\u00e9es \u00e0 la puissance, au type de ventilateurs, \u00e0 l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 de maintenance et au choix d\u2019une installation int\u00e9rieure ou ext\u00e9rieure. Il faut \u00e9galement pr\u00e9voir un espace devant les panneaux de maintenance, une pente pour l\u2019\u00e9vacuation des condensats, des supports antivibratiles et un acc\u00e8s s\u00e9curis\u00e9 pour les futurs remplacements de filtres.<\/p>

Temp\u00e9rature, humidit\u00e9, CO\u2082, d\u00e9bit d\u2019air et performances de r\u00e9gulation<\/h2>

La performance d\u2019un syst\u00e8me ne se limite pas \u00e0 la puissance frigorifique. Elle d\u00e9pend de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 maintenir les consignes malgr\u00e9 les variations de charge. Lors d\u2019une phase de fructification, une hausse rapide de CO\u2082 peut exiger une augmentation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e de l\u2019air neuf. Cette admission d\u2019air peut \u00e0 son tour r\u00e9duire la temp\u00e9rature ou l\u2019humidit\u00e9, ce qui oblige l\u2019automate \u00e0 coordonner plusieurs \u00e9quipements au lieu de les faire fonctionner ind\u00e9pendamment.<\/p>

Pour les champignons de Paris, les pleurotes et les shiitak\u00e9s, les recettes climatiques doivent \u00eatre \u00e9tablies par l\u2019exploitant selon sa souche, son substrat et son itin\u00e9raire technique. Les plages suivantes servent uniquement de rep\u00e8res de discussion. Elles doivent \u00eatre valid\u00e9es au d\u00e9marrage par le responsable de culture.<\/p>
Phase ou culture<\/th>Temp\u00e9rature indicative<\/th>Humidit\u00e9 indicative<\/th>CO\u2082 indicatif<\/th>Objectif principal<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Incubation de substrat<\/td>20 \u00e0 25 \u00b0C<\/td>60 \u00e0 75 %<\/td>\u00c9lev\u00e9 selon l\u2019esp\u00e8ce<\/td>Colonisation homog\u00e8ne<\/td><\/tr>
Initiation des primordia<\/td>Selon vari\u00e9t\u00e9<\/td>85 \u00e0 95 %<\/td>R\u00e9duction progressive<\/td>D\u00e9clenchement de fructification<\/td><\/tr>
Pleurotes en fructification<\/td>12 \u00e0 20 \u00b0C<\/td>85 \u00e0 95 %<\/td>Souvent inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 1 000 ppm<\/td>Forme et densit\u00e9 des bouquets<\/td><\/tr>
Shiitak\u00e9s en fructification<\/td>14 \u00e0 20 \u00b0C<\/td>80 \u00e0 90 %<\/td>Mod\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 faible<\/td>Qualit\u00e9 des chapeaux<\/td><\/tr>
Champignon de Paris<\/td>16 \u00e0 19 \u00b0C<\/td>85 \u00e0 95 %<\/td>Selon phase de culture<\/td>Rendement et fermet\u00e9<\/td><\/tr>
Repos entre lots<\/td>Selon protocole sanitaire<\/td>R\u00e9duite si n\u00e9cessaire<\/td>Ventilation renforc\u00e9e<\/td>S\u00e9chage et assainissement<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Une r\u00e9gulation avanc\u00e9e utilise des sondes calibr\u00e9es, des seuils d\u2019alarme, des temporisations et des commandes proportionnelles. Les ventilateurs \u00e0 vitesse variable permettent de r\u00e9duire les variations brutales de d\u00e9bit et de limiter la consommation \u00e9lectrique lorsque la salle approche de sa consigne. La surveillance de plusieurs points de mesure est pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable dans les grands volumes, car l\u2019air au fond d\u2019une \u00e9tag\u00e8re peut diff\u00e9rer de mani\u00e8re importante de l\u2019air mesur\u00e9 pr\u00e8s du plafond.<\/p>

Le d\u00e9bit d\u2019air doit \u00eatre suffisant pour \u00e9vacuer le CO\u2082, la chaleur biologique et l\u2019exc\u00e8s d\u2019humidit\u00e9, mais il ne doit pas dess\u00e9cher les fructifications. Une diffusion lente et r\u00e9partie, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un retour d\u2019air bien plac\u00e9, prot\u00e8ge davantage la qualit\u00e9 des r\u00e9coltes qu\u2019un soufflage puissant dirig\u00e9 sur les sacs ou les plateaux.<\/p>

Composants principaux, mat\u00e9riaux et protections<\/h2>

Les \u00e9quipements destin\u00e9s \u00e0 des environnements humides doivent \u00eatre con\u00e7us pour r\u00e9sister \u00e0 la condensation, au nettoyage et aux cycles de fonctionnement continus. Les caissons peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9s en panneaux isolants, t\u00f4les trait\u00e9es et \u00e9l\u00e9ments r\u00e9sistants \u00e0 la corrosion. Les parties en contact avec l\u2019air humide, les bacs \u00e0 condensats et les fixations doivent faire l\u2019objet d\u2019une attention particuli\u00e8re.<\/p>

Les ventilateurs \u00e0 haut rendement, les moteurs prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, les \u00e9changeurs adapt\u00e9s, les composants \u00e9lectriques s\u00e9par\u00e9s de la zone humide et les c\u00e2blages correctement rep\u00e9r\u00e9s am\u00e9liorent la fiabilit\u00e9. Le coffret de commande doit \u00eatre choisi selon l\u2019environnement de pose, avec une protection adapt\u00e9e contre les projections d\u2019eau et la poussi\u00e8re.<\/p>
Composant<\/th>R\u00f4le<\/th>Mat\u00e9riau ou protection<\/th>B\u00e9n\u00e9fice pour l\u2019exploitation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Caisson isol\u00e9<\/td>R\u00e9duction des pertes thermiques<\/td>Panneaux \u00e0 isolation renforc\u00e9e<\/td>Consommation mieux ma\u00eetris\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr>
Bac \u00e0 condensats<\/td>Collecte de l\u2019eau<\/td>Surface r\u00e9sistante \u00e0 la corrosion<\/td>Hygi\u00e8ne et \u00e9vacuation fiable<\/td><\/tr>
Ventilateur<\/td>Insufflation et extraction<\/td>Moteur prot\u00e9g\u00e9 et vitesse variable<\/td>D\u00e9bit ajustable selon les phases<\/td><\/tr>
\u00c9changeur thermique<\/td>Refroidissement ou chauffage<\/td>Traitement adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019humidit\u00e9<\/td>Stabilit\u00e9 des consignes<\/td><\/tr>
Filtre \u00e0 air<\/td>Retenue des poussi\u00e8res<\/td>Cadre rempla\u00e7able<\/td>Protection des \u00e9quipements<\/td><\/tr>
Sonde climatique<\/td>Mesure des param\u00e8tres<\/td>Bo\u00eetier adapt\u00e9 aux salles humides<\/td>R\u00e9gulation plus pr\u00e9cise<\/td><\/tr>
Coffret \u00e9lectrique<\/td>Distribution et automatisation<\/td>Indice de protection adapt\u00e9<\/td>S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et maintenance simplifi\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Avant l\u2019achat, il est recommand\u00e9 de demander une liste d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des composants, les marques ou \u00e9quivalences possibles, le niveau d\u2019isolation, les sch\u00e9mas \u00e9lectriques, la m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9vacuation des condensats et les conditions d\u2019entretien. Ces informations sont particuli\u00e8rement importantes pour les projets fran\u00e7ais faisant intervenir plusieurs entreprises de lot technique.<\/p>

Automatisation, surveillance \u00e0 distance et possibilit\u00e9s de personnalisation<\/h2>

L\u2019automatisation permet de cr\u00e9er des recettes de culture par phase : incubation, refroidissement, humidification, ventilation, renouvellement d\u2019air et p\u00e9riode de nettoyage. L\u2019op\u00e9rateur peut r\u00e9gler les consignes, consulter les alarmes, suivre l\u2019historique et modifier les param\u00e8tres autoris\u00e9s. Une interface claire est utile pour r\u00e9duire les erreurs de manipulation, notamment lorsque plusieurs personnes interviennent dans les salles.<\/p>

Un contr\u00f4leur climatique pour champignonni\u00e8re<\/a> peut centraliser les mesures de temp\u00e9rature, d\u2019humidit\u00e9 et de CO\u2082. Selon la configuration, il peut piloter les ventilateurs, les compresseurs, les \u00e9lectrovannes, les humidificateurs, les registres motoris\u00e9s, les alarmes sonores et les \u00e9clairages de service. La consultation \u00e0 distance permet au responsable de v\u00e9rifier les donn\u00e9es depuis son bureau, son domicile ou un autre site de production.<\/p>

La personnalisation peut concerner le nombre de zones, la puissance de refroidissement, la langue de l\u2019interface, la logique d\u2019alarme, le type de gaines, la position des raccordements, le niveau de filtration, le traitement anticorrosion, la tension \u00e9lectrique et l\u2019int\u00e9gration dans un conteneur ou un b\u00e2timent existant. Les projets de marque priv\u00e9e et de conception \u00e0 fa\u00e7on peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9s via le service de conception personnalis\u00e9e<\/a>.<\/p>

Pour 2026 et les ann\u00e9es suivantes, le march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais s\u2019oriente vers des \u00e9quipements plus sobres, plus instrument\u00e9s et plus tra\u00e7ables. Les producteurs recherchent des ventilateurs \u00e0 faible consommation, des pompes \u00e0 chaleur performantes, une meilleure r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de chaleur, l\u2019optimisation des cycles de d\u00e9givrage et des outils d\u2019analyse des historiques climatiques. Les exigences environnementales, la hausse du co\u00fbt de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les circuits courts favorisent des salles mieux isol\u00e9es et des syst\u00e8mes capables d\u2019adapter leur puissance \u00e0 la production r\u00e9elle.<\/p>

La r\u00e9duction des pertes d\u2019eau est \u00e9galement une tendance importante. Des strat\u00e9gies de brumisation plus pr\u00e9cises, la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration contr\u00f4l\u00e9e des condensats lorsque le protocole sanitaire le permet et la d\u00e9tection rapide des d\u00e9rives limitent le gaspillage. \u00c0 moyen terme, les projets les plus avanc\u00e9s associeront davantage les donn\u00e9es climatiques aux donn\u00e9es de rendement, afin d\u2019ajuster les recettes selon les saisons, les lots de substrat et les objectifs commerciaux.<\/p>

Installation, mise en service, entretien et garantie<\/h2>

L\u2019installation commence par la v\u00e9rification du local : isolation, \u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9, drainage, alimentation \u00e9lectrique, accessibilit\u00e9, hauteur libre, passage des gaines et emplacement des \u00e9vacuations. Une salle mal isol\u00e9e ou pr\u00e9sentant des infiltrations d\u2019air ne pourra pas obtenir une r\u00e9gulation stable, m\u00eame avec une centrale performante. Les portes, joints, travers\u00e9es de c\u00e2bles et panneaux doivent donc \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9s avant la mise en route.<\/p>

La mise en service comprend g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le contr\u00f4le du c\u00e2blage, la v\u00e9rification des sens de rotation, le test des capteurs, la confirmation de l\u2019\u00e9vacuation des condensats, l\u2019essai des alarmes, le r\u00e9glage des d\u00e9bits et la validation des s\u00e9quences de fonctionnement. Les valeurs de d\u00e9part doivent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es progressivement avec le producteur, car les recettes de culture restent li\u00e9es aux vari\u00e9t\u00e9s et aux m\u00e9thodes de travail de chaque exploitation.<\/p>
\u00c9tape<\/th>Action principale<\/th>Responsable habituel<\/th>Point de contr\u00f4le<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Pr\u00e9paration du site<\/td>Isolation, drainage et supports<\/td>Client ou installateur local<\/td>Local sec et accessible<\/td><\/tr>
R\u00e9ception du mat\u00e9riel<\/td>Contr\u00f4le des colis et r\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/td>Client<\/td>Absence de dommage de transport<\/td><\/tr>
Montage m\u00e9canique<\/td>Pose de l\u2019unit\u00e9 et des gaines<\/td>Installateur<\/td>Fixations et \u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9<\/td><\/tr>
Raccordement \u00e9lectrique<\/td>Alimentation et protections<\/td>\u00c9lectricien qualifi\u00e9<\/td>Tension et mise \u00e0 la terre<\/td><\/tr>
Mise en service<\/td>Essais et param\u00e9trage<\/td>Technicien autoris\u00e9<\/td>Capteurs et alarmes actifs<\/td><\/tr>
Entretien p\u00e9riodique<\/td>Filtres, sondes et \u00e9vacuations<\/td>Exploitant ou mainteneur<\/td>Journal de maintenance<\/td><\/tr>
Suivi de garantie<\/td>Diagnostic et pi\u00e8ces n\u00e9cessaires<\/td>Fournisseur et client<\/td>Tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 des interventions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Un entretien r\u00e9gulier prot\u00e8ge les performances : nettoyage ou remplacement des filtres, inspection des humidificateurs, contr\u00f4le des bacs \u00e0 condensats, v\u00e9rification des ventilateurs, resserrage \u00e9lectrique, nettoyage des sondes et calibration p\u00e9riodique du capteur de CO\u2082. La fr\u00e9quence d\u00e9pend de la poussi\u00e8re, de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, du nombre de cycles et des exigences sanitaires de l\u2019exploitation.<\/p>

Les conditions de garantie doivent pr\u00e9ciser la dur\u00e9e, les composants couverts, les exclusions li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019installation ou \u00e0 un entretien insuffisant, les d\u00e9lais de fourniture des pi\u00e8ces et les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019assistance \u00e0 distance. Pour les \u00e9quipements import\u00e9s, la disponibilit\u00e9 de pi\u00e8ces critiques et la documentation en fran\u00e7ais doivent \u00eatre discut\u00e9es avant la commande.<\/p>

Notre entreprise<\/h2>

Lanhu accompagne les projets de r\u00e9gulation climatique agricole avec une approche orient\u00e9e vers les applications de culture en int\u00e9rieur. Ses capacit\u00e9s technologiques s\u2019appuient sur plus de douze ann\u00e9es de recherche en thermodynamique, sur de nombreux brevets enregistr\u00e9s et sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience acquise dans les \u00e9quipements de production de champignons, les conteneurs agricoles et les syst\u00e8mes de pompe \u00e0 chaleur. Cette expertise permet d\u2019adapter la logique de r\u00e9gulation aux contraintes de chaque culture et de chaque environnement.<\/p>

Sur le plan industriel, l\u2019entreprise dispose d\u2019un site de fabrication de plus de 30 000 m\u00b2 \u00e0 Dezhou, dans la province du Shandong. La conception, la fabrication de t\u00f4lerie, le pliage de pr\u00e9cision, la production de panneaux isolants, l\u2019assemblage \u00e9lectrique, l\u2019int\u00e9gration des syst\u00e8mes et les essais sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans une cha\u00eene de production coordonn\u00e9e. Chaque \u00e9quipement est soumis \u00e0 des v\u00e9rifications fonctionnelles, \u00e9lectriques et de performance avant exp\u00e9dition. Les syst\u00e8mes de management couvrent notamment la qualit\u00e9, l\u2019environnement, la sant\u00e9 et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 au travail ainsi que la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de conception.<\/p>

Les capacit\u00e9s de service comprennent l\u2019approvisionnement direct, l\u2019adaptation technique, l\u2019assistance d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, l\u2019aide \u00e0 la logistique internationale, les pi\u00e8ces de rechange, les consignes d\u2019installation et l\u2019accompagnement apr\u00e8s-vente. Pour les clients fran\u00e7ais, une pr\u00e9paration documentaire pr\u00e9cise est particuli\u00e8rement utile afin de coordonner la livraison via Le Havre, Marseille-Fos ou d\u2019autres plateformes logistiques, puis la pose par des intervenants locaux. Les porteurs de projet peuvent consulter des exemples de r\u00e9alisations de culture contr\u00f4l\u00e9e<\/a> ou demander une \u00e9tude technique adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 leur site<\/a>.<\/p>

Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2>

Comment choisir la puissance d\u2019un syst\u00e8me climatique pour champignonni\u00e8re ?<\/h3>

La puissance doit \u00eatre calcul\u00e9e \u00e0 partir du volume de la salle, de l\u2019isolation, du climat de la r\u00e9gion fran\u00e7aise, de la quantit\u00e9 de substrat, du d\u00e9bit d\u2019air neuf et de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce cultiv\u00e9e. Un devis s\u00e9rieux demande des plans et des donn\u00e9es de production avant de proposer une capacit\u00e9.<\/p>

Un m\u00eame \u00e9quipement peut-il g\u00e9rer plusieurs salles ?<\/h3>

Oui, mais chaque salle ayant potentiellement une phase de culture diff\u00e9rente, il est pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable de pr\u00e9voir des zones ind\u00e9pendantes, des registres motoris\u00e9s, des sondes s\u00e9par\u00e9es et une logique de r\u00e9gulation par chambre. Une centrale unique sans zonage peut limiter la pr\u00e9cision.<\/p>

Pourquoi le CO\u2082 est-il important pour la production ?<\/h3>

Le CO\u2082 influence directement la morphologie et le d\u00e9veloppement des champignons. Un niveau excessif en phase de fructification peut provoquer des pieds trop longs et des chapeaux moins d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s. Sa mesure permet d\u2019ajuster le renouvellement d\u2019air au bon moment.<\/p>

Faut-il une pompe \u00e0 chaleur ou un groupe frigorifique ?<\/h3>

Le choix d\u00e9pend du climat, du besoin de chauffage, de la puissance, du budget et de la strat\u00e9gie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Une pompe \u00e0 chaleur peut assurer le chauffage et le refroidissement dans de nombreux projets, tandis qu\u2019un groupe frigorifique d\u00e9di\u00e9 peut \u00eatre envisag\u00e9 pour certaines charges ou architectures techniques.<\/p>

Quelle maintenance est essentielle ?<\/h3>

Le contr\u00f4le des filtres, de l\u2019\u00e9vacuation des condensats, des ventilateurs, des sondes, du syst\u00e8me d\u2019humidification et des connexions \u00e9lectriques est indispensable. Un capteur de CO\u2082 doit \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 et calibr\u00e9 selon les recommandations du fabricant.<\/p>

Le syst\u00e8me peut-il \u00eatre install\u00e9 dans un conteneur isol\u00e9 ?<\/h3>

Oui. Les conteneurs de culture permettent de r\u00e9unir isolation, \u00e9tag\u00e8res, traitement d\u2019air et automatisation dans une unit\u00e9 compacte. Ils sont adapt\u00e9s aux d\u00e9monstrations, aux fermes de proximit\u00e9, aux essais de nouvelles esp\u00e8ces et aux projets n\u00e9cessitant une installation rapide.<\/p>

Quels \u00e9l\u00e9ments demander dans une offre destin\u00e9e \u00e0 la France ?<\/h3>

Demandez les caract\u00e9ristiques de d\u00e9bit et de puissance, les plans d\u2019encombrement, les besoins \u00e9lectriques, la liste des inclusions et exclusions, les sch\u00e9mas de raccordement, les conditions de garantie, les pi\u00e8ces de rechange recommand\u00e9es, les d\u00e9lais de transport et l\u2019assistance disponible pour la mise en service.<\/p>","it-title":"Impianti clima per funghi: guida tecnica per l\u2019Italia","it-meta":"Guida agli impianti di climatizzazione per funghi in Italia: prestazioni, configurazioni, consumi, automazione, installazione e criteri di acquisto.","it-content":"

Risposta rapida<\/h2>

Un impianto di climatizzazione per funghi \u00e8 un sistema integrato progettato per mantenere temperatura, umidit\u00e0 relativa, concentrazione di CO\u2082, ricambio d\u2019aria e circolazione interna entro valori adatti alla coltivazione. A differenza di un comune impianto per edifici, questa soluzione lavora su parametri biologici molto sensibili: una variazione rapida di umidit\u00e0, una ventilazione eccessiva o una concentrazione di anidride carbonica non controllata possono ridurre resa, qualit\u00e0, consistenza e uniformit\u00e0 dei corpi fruttiferi.<\/p>

Per aziende agricole, coltivatori professionali, distributori e progettisti in Italia, il sistema pu\u00f2 essere installato in celle di fruttificazione, capannoni coibentati, camere di incubazione, container agricoli e strutture modulari. La configurazione corretta dipende dalla specie coltivata, dal volume della sala, dal tipo di substrato, dalla densit\u00e0 delle scaffalature, dal clima locale e dalla disponibilit\u00e0 energetica del sito.<\/p>

Un impianto ben dimensionato combina refrigerazione o pompa di calore, deumidificazione, umidificazione, aria esterna filtrata, ventilatori di mandata e ripresa, sonde ambientali e un controllore programmabile. Per le aziende che desiderano un modulo pronto all\u2019uso, un container intelligente per coltivazione di funghi<\/a> pu\u00f2 integrare struttura, isolamento, climatizzazione e controllo in una soluzione compatta.<\/p>

In Italia, l\u2019investimento \u00e8 particolarmente rilevante per produzioni di champignon, pleurotus, shiitake, pioppini, cardoncelli e funghi medicinali. Le esigenze cambiano tra un impianto nelle pianure umide della Lombardia, un\u2019azienda dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna vicina ai poli logistici di Bologna e Modena, una struttura in Puglia o un progetto in Sicilia dove il carico termico estivo \u00e8 pi\u00f9 elevato. Per questo il progetto deve essere basato su dati reali, non su una sola potenza nominale.<\/p>

Che cos\u2019\u00e8 un impianto di climatizzazione per funghi e dove si utilizza<\/h2>

Un impianto di climatizzazione per funghi \u00e8 un insieme di apparecchiature che crea un microclima stabile nelle fasi di incubazione, induzione, formazione dei primordi e raccolta. Il suo obiettivo non \u00e8 soltanto raffreddare o riscaldare il locale: deve gestire contemporaneamente calore generato dal substrato, evaporazione, infiltrazioni, aria di rinnovo, carico delle persone, illuminazione e condizioni atmosferiche esterne.<\/p>

Le applicazioni pi\u00f9 comuni comprendono serre coibentate, sale di coltivazione su scaffalature, camere a pannelli isolanti, magazzini riconvertiti, container marittimi trasformati e unit\u00e0 modulari. Nelle province agricole di Brescia, Verona, Mantova, Forl\u00ec-Cesena, Latina, Foggia e Ragusa, il sistema viene scelto per rendere la produzione meno dipendente dalle oscillazioni stagionali e pi\u00f9 prevedibile nella programmazione delle consegne.<\/p>

La climatizzazione dedicata \u00e8 utile anche per cooperative, impianti dimostrativi, laboratori di ricerca, vivai di micelio, aziende che vendono kit professionali e progetti di agricoltura controllata vicini ai mercati urbani di Milano, Roma, Napoli e Torino. Quando il prodotto \u00e8 destinato alla distribuzione fresca, la continuit\u00e0 produttiva permette di organizzare raccolta, confezionamento e trasporto verso mercati ortofrutticoli, centri logistici e porti commerciali come Genova, Livorno, Gioia Tauro e Trieste.<\/p>
Ambiente di utilizzo<\/th>Esigenza principale<\/th>Configurazione consigliata<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Cella di fruttificazione<\/td>Umidit\u00e0 elevata e CO\u2082 controllata<\/td>Unit\u00e0 aria con umidificazione, sonde e ventilazione modulante<\/td><\/tr>
Camera di incubazione<\/td>Temperatura stabile e ricambio contenuto<\/td>Pompa di calore, ventilatori a bassa velocit\u00e0 e controllo programmato<\/td><\/tr>
Container agricolo<\/td>Compattezza e rapida messa in servizio<\/td>Climatizzazione integrata, pannelli isolanti e controllo remoto<\/td><\/tr>
Capannone riconvertito<\/td>Gestione di grandi volumi<\/td>Unit\u00e0 modulari, canali aria e zonizzazione per file di coltivazione<\/td><\/tr>
Laboratorio di micelio<\/td>Igiene e stabilit\u00e0 ambientale<\/td>Filtrazione migliorata, pressione controllata e sensori calibrabili<\/td><\/tr>
Produzione sperimentale<\/td>Ricette climatiche flessibili<\/td>Controllore con registrazione dati e programmi per specie diverse<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

La tabella evidenzia che la stessa tecnologia pu\u00f2 essere adattata a strutture molto differenti. La scelta deve partire dall\u2019uso reale della stanza e dalle condizioni di produzione, non solo dalla sua metratura.<\/p>

Configurazione standard del prodotto e confini del sistema<\/h2>

La configurazione standard di un impianto per funghi comprende normalmente una sezione di trattamento aria, circuito frigorifero o pompa di calore, batteria di riscaldamento, sistema di umidificazione, ventilatori, filtri, quadro elettrico, sonde e logica di controllo. L\u2019aria viene aspirata dal locale, miscelata quando necessario con aria esterna filtrata, trattata e reimmessa con velocit\u00e0 distribuita per evitare correnti dirette sui funghi.<\/p>

Il sistema pu\u00f2 essere fornito come unit\u00e0 monoblocco, unit\u00e0 separata interna ed esterna, apparecchiatura a soffitto, macchina a pavimento o soluzione integrata in container. Per progetti con pi\u00f9 sale, sono possibili moduli indipendenti per ogni cella oppure una centrale comune con regolazione per zone. La scelta dipende dal rischio operativo accettabile: celle indipendenti limitano l\u2019impatto di un fermo, mentre una centrale condivisa pu\u00f2 ottimizzare spazi e gestione.<\/p>

I confini di fornitura devono essere definiti prima dell\u2019ordine. Di norma, la macchina comprende il gruppo di trattamento, quadro, sensori standard e documentazione tecnica. Possono essere esclusi opere murarie, rete idrica, scarichi, cavi di alimentazione dal quadro generale, posa di canalizzazioni estese, scaffalature, impianto antincendio e connessione internet del cliente. Una specifica tecnica chiara evita ritardi durante l\u2019installazione.<\/p>
Elemento<\/th>Fornitura standard<\/th>Opzione o responsabilit\u00e0 del sito<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Unit\u00e0 di climatizzazione<\/td>Inclusa<\/td>Personalizzazione della potenza disponibile<\/td><\/tr>
Quadro elettrico<\/td>Incluso<\/td>Alimentazione principale predisposta dal cliente<\/td><\/tr>
Sensori ambientali<\/td>Temperatura e umidit\u00e0<\/td>Sonda CO\u2082 aggiuntiva o ridondante<\/td><\/tr>
Umidificazione<\/td>Modulo standard secondo progetto<\/td>Trattamento acqua e filtrazione dedicata<\/td><\/tr>
Canalizzazione aria<\/td>Possibile su richiesta<\/td>Posa finale in sito secondo layout approvato<\/td><\/tr>
Controllo remoto<\/td>Disponibile su configurazione<\/td>Rete internet e autorizzazioni locali<\/td><\/tr>
Struttura coltivazione<\/td>Possibile in versione modulare<\/td>Fondazione, piazzale e allacciamenti<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Prima di acquistare, \u00e8 utile richiedere un disegno di flusso dell\u2019aria, uno schema elettrico, l\u2019elenco delle inclusioni e una lista delle attivit\u00e0 necessarie nel sito italiano di destinazione. Ci\u00f2 \u00e8 particolarmente importante per consegne via mare nei porti di Genova, Venezia o La Spezia e per trasporti stradali verso zone agricole interne.<\/p>

Capacit\u00e0, dimensioni e requisiti delle utenze<\/h2>

La capacit\u00e0 non deve essere espressa soltanto in kilowatt di raffreddamento. Un corretto calcolo considera volume della sala, superficie dei pannelli, temperatura esterna di progetto, quantit\u00e0 di substrato, calore metabolico, numero di ricambi d\u2019aria, infiltrazioni, illuminazione e condizioni di raccolta. Una sala con 100 tonnellate di substrato attivo richiede una valutazione diversa rispetto a un locale vuoto delle stesse dimensioni.<\/p>

Le dimensioni dell\u2019unit\u00e0 dipendono dalla portata d\u2019aria, dalla potenza, dalla disposizione interna e dall\u2019accessibilit\u00e0 per la manutenzione. \u00c8 necessario prevedere spazio davanti ai pannelli di ispezione, percorso per sostituire filtri e ventilatori, accesso agli scarichi condensa e protezione dell\u2019unit\u00e0 esterna. In molti casi, una configurazione modulare consente di superare limiti di accesso in capannoni esistenti.<\/p>
Parametro di progetto<\/th>Piccola cella<\/th>Media produzione<\/th>Impianto commerciale<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Volume indicativo<\/td>50\u2013150 m\u00b3<\/td>150\u2013600 m\u00b3<\/td>Oltre 600 m\u00b3<\/td><\/tr>
Portata aria indicativa<\/td>2.000\u20136.000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>6.000\u201318.000 m\u00b3\/h<\/td>18.000\u201350.000 m\u00b3\/h o superiore<\/td><\/tr>
Alimentazione tipica<\/td>Monofase o trifase<\/td>Trifase<\/td>Trifase con quadro dedicato<\/td><\/tr>
Fabbisogno idrico<\/td>Ridotto<\/td>Medio<\/td>Da calcolare con umidificazione e lavaggi<\/td><\/tr>
Scarico condensa<\/td>Necessario<\/td>Necessario con sifone<\/td>Necessario e dimensionato per pi\u00f9 unit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr>
Spazio di servizio<\/td>Minimo 600 mm<\/td>Minimo 800 mm<\/td>Secondo disegno di manutenzione<\/td><\/tr>
Riserva elettrica<\/td>Consigliata<\/td>Consigliata<\/td>Fortemente consigliata per funzioni critiche<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

I valori sono indicativi e non sostituiscono il dimensionamento. Per il mercato italiano, occorre inoltre verificare tensione, frequenza, protezioni elettriche, normativa locale, qualit\u00e0 dell\u2019acqua, possibilit\u00e0 di drenaggio e potenza contrattuale disponibile. In aree rurali, un gruppo di continuit\u00e0 per controllo e sensori pu\u00f2 prevenire la perdita di dati durante brevi interruzioni.<\/p>

Per ottenere un\u2019offerta utile, il coltivatore dovrebbe comunicare specie, volume, numero di sacchi o blocchi, peso del substrato, temperatura desiderata, stagione di utilizzo, localit\u00e0, pannelli isolanti, numero di porte, presenza di celle adiacenti e piano delle scaffalature. Questi dati permettono di definire una macchina realmente adatta al progetto.<\/p>

Temperatura, umidit\u00e0, CO\u2082, flusso d\u2019aria e prestazioni di controllo<\/h2>

Ogni specie di fungo richiede una ricetta climatica specifica. Durante l\u2019incubazione, il fabbisogno di ricambio aria pu\u00f2 essere inferiore, mentre nella fruttificazione il controllo della CO\u2082 diventa essenziale per forma, lunghezza del gambo, sviluppo del cappello e uniformit\u00e0 del raccolto. Temperatura e umidit\u00e0 devono essere controllate insieme: abbassare la temperatura senza valutare il punto di rugiada pu\u00f2 provocare condensa, mentre una ventilazione non regolata pu\u00f2 asciugare i primordi.<\/p>

Il flusso d\u2019aria deve raggiungere tutte le zone senza investire direttamente i ripiani. In una stanza lunga, la sola mandata da un lato pu\u00f2 creare differenze ambientali tra ingresso e fondo. La soluzione pu\u00f2 includere canali microforati, bocchette distribuite, riprese strategiche e ventilatori a velocit\u00e0 variabile. Il collaudo dovrebbe verificare i parametri in pi\u00f9 punti, non soltanto vicino alla sonda principale.<\/p>
Parametro<\/th>Funzione produttiva<\/th>Rischio se non controllato<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Temperatura<\/td>Regola sviluppo e velocit\u00e0 di crescita<\/td>Raccolto irregolare, stress del micelio, perdite di qualit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr>
Umidit\u00e0 relativa<\/td>Protegge primordi e consistenza del fungo<\/td>Disidratazione, condensa o sviluppo non uniforme<\/td><\/tr>
CO\u2082<\/td>Influenza morfologia e ricambio dell\u2019aria<\/td>Gambi anomali, cappelli ridotti, crescita rallentata<\/td><\/tr>
Velocit\u00e0 aria<\/td>Distribuisce calore e umidit\u00e0<\/td>Zone morte o correnti che danneggiano il prodotto<\/td><\/tr>
Pressione ambiente<\/td>Supporta igiene e flussi controllati<\/td>Ingresso di polvere, spore indesiderate e insetti<\/td><\/tr>
Ricambio aria<\/td>Allontana CO\u2082 e calore metabolico<\/td>Accumulo di gas e differenze tra le scaffalature<\/td><\/tr>
Registrazione dati<\/td>Consente tracciabilit\u00e0 e miglioramento<\/td>Impossibilit\u00e0 di analizzare rese e anomalie<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

La tabella mostra perch\u00e9 un impianto per funghi deve funzionare come un sistema coordinato. Il controllo non pu\u00f2 basarsi su una sola temperatura impostata. Le sonde devono essere installate in posizioni rappresentative, protette da getti diretti e mantenute calibrate.<\/p><\/canvas>